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                <text>Firms</text>
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              <text>Art Directors Club of Chicago</text>
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              <text>&lt;span&gt;Perplexingly, apart from a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;brief&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;article&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;that appeared in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;March 1953 issue&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;rint &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;magazine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;sixty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;three years ago, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;little&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;documentation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;exists&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;on the history and activities of the Art Directors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Club of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Chicago&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(ADCC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;e article&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;“European Influences on Chicago Designers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;written by g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;raphic &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;designer and ADCC member George McVicker (1904&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;–&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1990)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;for a special &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Society of Typographical &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Arts (STA)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;issue&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;offers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;no genealogy of the group&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Based on th&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;e numbering of the ADCC &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Annu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;als&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;the founding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;of the organization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;may be placed at 1932 or 1933, although&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;the “first”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;annual&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;may not &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;have&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;coincided with&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;their first year of existence. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(For reference, the New York A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;rt Directors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Club&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;was founded in 1920.) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ccording to McVicker, in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;fall of 1934, the group sponsored&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;a course &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;taught by much&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;admired Viennese designer Joseph Binder, known to ADCC membership through &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;European publications. The well&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;attended&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;course made an enormous impact o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;n &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;participants&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;who &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;re unfamiliar with Binder’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;pproach to stylizing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;and “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;abstract symbol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;” making. However, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Binder’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s influence was nothing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;compared to that of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;László &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Moholy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Nagy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(1895&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;–&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1946)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;—&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;called by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;McVicker “the real bomb [that] hit town&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Four years after Binder’s course&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Moholy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Nagy &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;was &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;brought to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Chicago by the local Association of Art and Industry, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;which included&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Container &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Corporation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;of Am&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;erica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Montgomery Ward, Marshall Field&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;and R.R. Donnelley representatives. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Moholy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Nagy and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;his &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;first lieutenant&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Gyorgy Kepes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(1906&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;–&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;not only &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;introdu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;new&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;methods and design principles but&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;also acquainted Chicagoans with a vocabulary that&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;redefined &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;design thinking and design&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;problems, using phrases such as “articulation of space” an&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;d &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;“interpenetration of planes.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;McVicker mentions the following namesin his Print article; they arepresumably ADCC members. Their names arepresented here in alphabetical order:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div class="page"&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Franz Altschuler&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Frank Barr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Bruce &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Beck&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Francis &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Chase &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Burton Cherry&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;DeKovic-Smith Design Organization&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Gene Douglas&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Cliffe D. Eitel&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Stan Ekman&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;William Fleming&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Fran and Ros Foley&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Morton Goldsholl&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;M. Martin Johnson&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Elsa Kula&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Anne Edwards Lang&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Dale Maxey&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Everett McNear&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Phoebe Moore&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Dale Nichols&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Herbert Pinzke&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Bert Ray&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Harry B. Smith, Jr.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Irving Tittel&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class="textLayer"&gt;Harold Walter&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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              <text>&lt;span&gt;McVicker&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, George. “European Influence on Chicago Designers,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Magazine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;of the Graphic Arts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;7,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;no. 5 (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;M&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;arch 1953&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;): &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;–&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;33.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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    <tag tagId="75">
      <name>exhibition venue</name>
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    <tag tagId="77">
      <name>Fine Arts Building</name>
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    <tag tagId="80">
      <name>John Vinci</name>
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    <tag tagId="72">
      <name>Mies Van Der Rohe</name>
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    <tag tagId="79">
      <name>Rue Shaw</name>
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    <tag tagId="76">
      <name>Rue Winterbotham Carpenter</name>
    </tag>
    <tag tagId="74">
      <name>social club</name>
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    <tag tagId="78">
      <name>Wrigley Building</name>
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