1 10 15 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Designers Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Charles Clarence Dawson is significant for his many contributions to illustration, design, and fine art during the “Chicago Black Renaissance” of the interwar period and beyond. The “Great Migration,” which refers to the relocation of large numbers of African Americans from rural areas in the South to urban centers in the North, transformed the first half of the twentieth century and impacted Dawson’s arts leadership and design pursuits. The accompanying principles of the “New Negro Movement” marked a flourishing of black philosophic, economic, creative, and political practices in the midst of the repressive Post-Reconstruction and Jim Crow era. Dawson, born in Brunswick, Georgia, in 1889, attended the renowned Tuskegee Institute, a school initially opened for African American teachers led by celebrated educator and orator Booker T. Washington. While there, Dawson studied drafting with architect Walter Thomas Bailey, who was appointed head of the Mechanical Industries Department in 1905 and would later design several of the school’s buildings, including the still-used women’s dormitory, White Hall, as well as significant buildings in Chicago and Memphis. Soon afterwards, in 1907, Dawson relocated to New York to attend the Art Students League as its first black pupil. In 1912, Dawson moved to Chicago, to attend the Art Institute of Chicago. According to his unpublished autobiography, Touching the Fringes of Greatness, Dawson attributes his attendance to the Art Institute’s progressive stance on race, insofar as “the policy of the Art Institute was entirely free of bias.” An active student, Dawson was secretary of the Chicago Architectural League, manager of the Annual Chicago Architectural Exhibition, and member of the Art Students League of Chicago. Upon graduation and at the outset of World War I, in 1917, Dawson joined the segregated armed forces as an officer in training with the Buffalo Soldiers regiment and was sent to France. Dawson’s return to Chicago was framed by the racial conflict between black communities of the South Side and white populations who struggled over jobs and city territory. The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 testifies powerfully to these tensions. At the same time, Chicago’s black population was undergoing newfound power associated with the thriving community of Bronzeville, Chicago’s epicenter of black social life since the early twentieth century. As a freelance illustrator and arts leader Dawson worked with other black artists, such as graphic designer and artist William Farrow, in the organizing of the Chicago Art League (1924), a black artists collective that “offered classes and exhibition opportunities for local artists” and held exhibitions “at the YMCA on Wabash Avenue in Bronzeville.” One of Dawson’s significant accomplishments came in 1927 with the Negro in Art Week exhibition. Dawson contributed as one of three members of the Committee on Fine and Applied Arts, as the designer of the catalog cover, and as a participating artist. The two-part exhibition, initiated by historian Alain Locke with the Chicago Woman’s Club took place from November 18 through 23 at the Art Institute of Chicago and the Chicago Woman’s Clubhouse, both situated downtown. It was organized “with the intention of decreasing friction existing between white and colored people by placing before the public an exhibition of the best work produced by Negroes in Fine and Applied Arts, Music, and Literature, in combination with an exhibition of primitive African Art.” The primitive collection referred to is the Blondiau-Theatre Arts Collection of African Arts from the Belgian Congo, which was included to support the thesis that such unique African heritage made African American art a rival of European art. Dawson conceptualized and illustrated the catalog cover, which not only featured pertinent information regarding the exhibition’s location, time, and duration, but showcased foundational ideals central to the “New Negro,” a term popularized by Locke in his book of the same title that boldly proclaimed the black person as sophisticated and full of self-worth. In Dawson’s illustration an Egyptian pharaoh towers over the silhouettes of various musical performers in tuxedoes linking ancient African motifs to black American culture. In the corner of the composition a Songye power figure invokes the transnational work of forging a new black identity by celebrating an African past. In addition to creating the catalog cover, Dawson contributed several paintings to the exhibition. In 1927 and 1929 Dawson contributed, both general illustrations and the cover illustration, to the Intercollegian Wonder Book and The Book of Achievement the World Over—The Negro in Chicago 1779–1929. The Wonder Books were encyclopedic volumes celebrating the achievements of the black community in Chicago. The series, directed by Frederic H. Hammurabi Robb, the president of the Washington Intercollegiate Club of Chicago at the time, compiled a substantial account of important black leaders, fraternal organizations, churches, schools, and businesses. In the tradition of this type of work, Dawson also self-designed and self-published the children’s book ABC’s of Great Negros (1933). While visiting the George Cleveland Hall Library in Chicago’s Bronzeville neighborhood, Dawson noticed there were no learning materials for black children. The book features twenty-six illustrated biographies of important African American figures, including, Neferti, Frederick Douglas, George Washington Carver, Toussaint l’Ouverture, Zaudita empress of Ethiopia, and Mary L. Bethune, among many others. As the Great Depression gripped the U.S. from the 1930s onward, Dawson maintained a livelihood as one of two black in-house illustrators and designers for Valmor Products Company. Valmor, a Chicago-based cosmetic, beauty supply, and novelties enterprise owned by a white chemist and entrepreneur, produced and marketed a variety of goods to growing black consumer groups. While the pomades and creams coincided with white standards of beauty, including bleaching ointments and hair-straightening tonics, Dawson’s rendering of urbane black sophisticates in minimalist lines and bold shapes had a deep impact on generations of modernist illustrators, artists, and designers of all creeds. A recent exhibition organized in 2015 at the Chicago Cultural Center not only gathered and presented much of Dawson’s work for Valmor, including product labels and advertisement designs, it also assigned authorship to the work which had originally circulated in anonymity. Moreover, the exhibition highlighted the importance of Dawson’s influence beyond the black community, as exampled by the testimony of celebrated contemporary graphic novelist Chris Ware. At the same time, Dawson completed illustrated advertisements for Poro College, an important social hub and educational complex founded by Annie Malone in St. Louis. The school was dedicated to the economic and communal uplift of “Race Women,” a term describing black advocates who sought to improve their conditions and the conditions of other black women through social intervention and education. While Poro College offered deportment, cosmetology, and sales training, it also met the spatial and social needs of a broad and burgeoning black cultural movement, a role far exceeding the general understanding of a beauty school. Among the advertisements Dawson devised, an important series of image and text prints linking modern black people to ancient history and myth stands out. The folio, titled “Famous Black Beauties of History and Mythology,” displays deft illustration skills merged with an interest in redefining blackness as beautiful and important to history. In 1933, amongst much debate regarding the lack of inclusion of black people, Dawson received a commission sponsored by the Urban League to paint a mural within the Social Science Hall for the Century of Progress International Exposition. Also known as the Chicago World’s Fair, the expansive exposition took place on the one-hundred-year anniversary of the founding of Chicago. Dawson’s mural, titled Negro Migration: The Exodus, depicted the Great Migration from rural South to the industrialized North. On each side of the main image were panels filled with “statistics to highlight the social issues of health, housing, and employment and the role of the Urban League in addressing those issues on a national scale.” And while there were “Negro” attractions at the Fair, mostly organized by non-black concessioners, stereotypes were commonplace tools used to pique public interest. The exposition was widely understood by the black community to be “a white man’s proposition.” For the second year of the fair, in 1934, Dawson was commissioned to illustrate and design the poster for a pageant of black music, “O, Sing A New Song,” which highlighted the achievements of African American culture. The poster showcases Dawson’s interest in combining multiple eras. Ancient Egyptian images are mingled with African dancers and drummers, while enslaved folks sing in the fields. At the center of the image is a modern black woman in a 1930s evening gown, her face lifted high. At the bottom of the poster similar women engage in a choreographed dance routine. In the following years, Dawson would participate in another exposition, this one challenging the general racism of the Century of Progress Chicago World’s Fair. The American Negro Exposition, held at the Chicago Coliseum from July 4 through September 2, 1940, gave Dawson a chance to expand his cultural uplifting work into three dimensional dioramas. The exposition, which took place on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the end of the Civil War, was considered the first Negro World's Fair as it gave black people a unique opportunity to represent themselves and their contributions to American life since 1865. Dawson conceptualized and designed a set of thirty-three dioramas marketed as a history of black influence on the progress of America and the world. The dioramas celebrated scenes from ancient Egypt and Africa that showcased important technological and social events, such as, African metal smelting, the use of the wheel by Ethiopians, and the building of the Sphinx. Other noteworthy views included a violent panorama of the first slave market in Virginia (1619), various moments from the Reconstruction era, as well as a depiction of the highly decorated Harlem Hellfighters, an African-American regiment that fought in World War I only to endure continued racism and segregation at home. As a veteran of the segregated armed forces, Dawson experienced this treatment first-hand. Although some were eventually damaged and even lost entirely, the dioramas were gifted to the Tuskegee Institute after the exposition. Dawson, who was beginning his own career at the school, oversaw the repair and installation of the remaining dioramas in their new home at the Museum of Negro Art and Culture at the George Washington Carver Museum where he served as curator from 1944 to 1951. Dawson eventually retired in New Hope, Pennsylvania and passed away in 1981. His archival papers and documents are currently housed at the DuSable Museum of African-American History in Chicago and the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, D.C. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource The architectural firm of Keck & Keck, established by brothers George Fred and William, was one of the most innovative architectural firms in Chicago best known for buildings such as the House of Tomorrow for the Century of Progress Exposition of 1933 and modernist residential designs. George Fred Keck, spent one year at the University of Wisconsin studying civil engineering before he moved to Illinois to study architectural engineering at the University of Illinois. Keck began his career teaching at his alma mater and working for various Chicago architecture firms including William Pruyn, where he participated in residential work; D.H. Burnham, where he worked as a draftsman; and John Eberson, where he worked on the Avalon Theater. At Schmidt, Garden and Martin, George Fred Keck met R. Vale Faro (1902–1988), an avid promoter of modernist design. According to William Keck, his brother’s collaboration with Faro shaped George Fred’s turn toward more radically modernist designs in the late 1920s. Opened in 1929, George Fred Keck designed the Miralago Ballroom and Shops in Wilmette, Illinois. The Miralago Ballroom was known as one of the first modernist retail structures in the Chicago area. After graduating from the University of Illinois in 1931, George Fred Keck’s younger brother William joined him as an architect, draftsman, and businessman of the company. The Kecks designed the glass and steel House of Tomorrow for the Century of Progress Exhibition (1933–1934) and the Crystal House the following year. Both of these structures gained the Keck brothers nationwide attention as frontrunners in modernist American design. Beyond such popular architectural constructions, the office of Keck & Keck predominately designed innovative residences in Hyde Park, Chicago-area suburbs, and the greater Midwest. The Keck brothers worked with many Chicago-based designers and architects, including interior designer Marianne Willisch and architects Leland Atwood and Paul Schweikher. The office of Keck & Keck pioneered passive solar house techniques. Their collaborative studies of the seasonal sunlight patterns with scientists at the Adler Planetarium was fundamental to their development of solar houses. During the interwar period, Keck & Keck designed several solar houses in the Midwest, such as the Sloan House and the Kellett House (both in 1939). In 1951, they applied their solar housing research to the Chicago Housing Authority Project Number Nine, also called the Prairie Avenue Courts, with the purpose of designing a building that received an ideal amount of daylight without casting too many shadows on the rooms. Merging architectural design with new technological materials and methods, Keck & Keck offered solar design strategies for improving the living conditions of their clients. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Architect Specializes in Design of Homes.” Chicago Tribune, April 7, 1968. Barber, Daniel A. A House in the Sun: Modern Architecture and Solar Energy in the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016. Bargelt, Louise. “Concrete Home in Dunes Built on Three Levels: Living Room Extends Through Story and a Half.” Chicago Daily Tribune, September 1, 1940. Bargelt, Louise. “Duneland House Built for Use in All Seasons: Concrete Is Given Novel Treatment for Walls.” Chicago Daily Tribune, April 2, 1939. Bargelt, Louise. “Home in the Modern Style Is Now Possible at Minimum Cost Home: Start Off with One Floor, Build Another Later; Chicago Architect Creates Good Looking, Simple Dwelling for $4,300.” Chicago Daily Tribune, July 17, 1932. Bargelt, Louise. “Glass and Steel House of Future Erected at Fair: Home Expertly Designed by Two Architects Can Be Built in Three Weeks.” Chicago Daily Tribune, July 8, 1934. Bernick, Christine. “Preservation of Keck & Keck’s Passive-Solar Subdivisions of the 1940s and 1950s.” MS thesis, The School of the Art Institute of Chicago, 2010. Blum, Betty J. Oral History of Robert Paul Schweikher. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago, 2000. Blum, Betty J. Oral History of William Keck. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago, 1991. “Book Tells Story of Fair Home Exhibit.” Chicago Daily Tribune, August 26, 1934. Boyce, Robert. Keck and Keck. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, Inc., 1993. “Building Speed to Be Feature of Glass House: To Be Erected at Fair in 2 Weeks’ Time.” Chicago Daily Tribune, April 8, 1934. Chase, Al. “Show Postwar Home Building Possibilities: Glenview Has Preview of New Heating Methods.” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 22, 1942. Chase, Al. “Sun Supplies Heat for New Type North Shore Suburb Home: ‘Solar House’ on Glenview Rd. Has Glass Side.” Chicago Daily Tribune, September 22, 1940. Chase, Al. “Residence Fuel Bill Is Cut $60 by Sun’s Rays: Old Sol May Be Factor in Post-War Era.” Chicago Daily Tribune, August 15, 1943. Christopher, James. Keck and Keck: A Bibliography. Monticello, Illinois: Vance Bibliographies, 1984. “Crystal House.” In A Century of Progress: Homes and Furnishings, edited by Dorothy Raley, 34–43. Chicago, Illinois: M.A. Ring Company, 1934. Cohen, Stuart and Susan Benjamin. Houses of the Lakefront Suburbs, 1890–1940. New York: Acanthus Press, 2004. Collins, Catherine. “In the ’30s, Keck Brothers Saw the Light, and Solar Came to Chicago.” Chicago Tribune, October 30, 1983. Denzer, Anthony. The Solar House: Pioneering Sustainable Design. New York: Rizzoli, 2013. Douglas, Anne. “The Home of the Week: Builder Gets Fine House and an Inspiration Open Floor Plan Used for Greater Space.” Chicago Daily Tribune, December 26, 1953. Flavin, Genevieve. “Houses of New Design Beckon All Outdoors: Architects Create to Fit Each Buyer.” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 19, 1950. “George F. Keck to Be Speaker at Sketch Club.” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 27, 1932. Goldberger, Paul. “Design Notebook: All World’s Fair Houses Were but Fantasies of Everyday Life.” The New York Times, June 10, 1982. Goldberger, Paul. “World’s Fair Houses: A Long Tradition of Idealized Living.” Chicago Tribune, July 3, 1982. Heise, Kenan. “William Keck; Created First Solar Home.” Chicago Tribune, May 27, 1995. Henn, Stuart W. “Radical Decorative: George Fred Keck’s House of Tomorrow and a New Vision of Modern American Living at the 1933 Century of Progress International Exposition.” MA thesis, Northern Illinois University, 2014. Hinds, Michael dCourcy. “America’s First Solar Home Still Thrifty 40 Years Later.” The New York Times, May 8, 1980. “Homes of Future? Mobiles, by Default.” Newsday, January 15, 1977. Jackson, Neil. The Modern Steel House. London: E & FN Spon, 1996. Jewett, Eleanor. “Skill Displayed in Paintings by Two Architects.” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 10, 1945. Kamin, Blair. “Group Eyes Future for ’30s-era House of Tomorrow: Preservationists Step Up Restoration of Chicago Landmark in Indiana.” Chicago Tribune, October 19, 2016. Keck + Keck Architects. Written and directed by Edward S. Hall in cooperation with the Chicago Athenaeum, Museum of Architecture & Design, 1993. VHS. Keck, George Fred and Leland Atwood. “Crystal House.” Architectural Forum 61, no. 1 (July 1934): 24. LaMorte, Chris. “Century of Progress Homes Tour at Indiana Dunes Takes Visitors Back to the Future.” Chicago Tribune, October 2, 2017. “Modern Homes on North Shore Have Novelties: Metal and Glass Used on Extensive Scale.” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 8, 1936. Provines, June. “Front Views and Profiles.” Chicago Daily Tribune, July 11, 1934. Ross, Eleanor. “Can’t Throw Stones Here.” Lancaster Eagle-Gazette, August 14, 1934. Sharoff, Robert. “A Possible Future for Aging Houses of Tomorrow.” The New York Times, December 31, 2000. “‘Solar House’ Owner Starts Homes Project: Has 20 Acre Development in Glenview.” Chicago Daily Tribune, July 20, 1941. “Start Work on Glass ‘House of Tomorrow’: Twelve Sided Unit at Fair to Be Fireproof.” Chicago Daily Tribune, April 9, 1933. Storch, Charles. “2 Brothers Here Designing Solar Buildings 40 Years.” Chicago Tribune, November 4, 1979. The Real Estate Editor. “‘Crystal House’ Draws Interest: Novel Residence at Chicago Attracts Attention of Akron Visitors.” The Akron Beacon Journal, July 14, 1934. Bracken, Lawson E. The Story of Prefabricated Houses: Highlights of Half a Century–Materials, Methods, Experiments. Columbus, Indiana: Central States Research, 1946. “William Keck.” Chicago Tribune, June 3, 1995. “World’s Fair Visitors Curious About: Architect Keck’s ‘House of Tomorrow’ and Architect Fisher’s ‘General Houses.’” American Builder and Building Age 55, no. 3 (July 1, 1933): 37. Zonkel, Philip. “Cold and Dreary Chicago Was an Early Sun City.” Chicago Tribune, December 5, 1998. Title A name given to the resource Keck & Keck George Fred Keck (1895–1980) and William Keck (1908–1995) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Designers Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Karl Peter Koch (1900–1955) Description An account of the resource Karl Peter Koch was a commercial artist who specialized in package design. Koch was born on December 25, 1900 in St. Marys, Ohio. His father Charles William Koch (1873–1939) was the son of John Mathias Koch, from Germany, and Mary Miller, from Bavaria. His mother Susan Sabina Kinstle (1873–1947), the daughter of a farmer, was born and raised in Auglaize, Ohio. Charles William Koch worked as a saloon keeper in 1910 and a butcher in 1920. By 1930, he has established his own business, Koch’s Cafeteria and Hotel in Dayton, Ohio. The Koch family became well known restauranteurs, and Susan Koch acted as president of Koch’s, Inc. Karl Peter Koch was the eldest of six children. At age twelve, Karl Peter Koch was working at the American Chain Company for ten cents per hour. By 1930, Koch had moved to Chicago. Koch lived at 156 West Burton Place in Chicago’s Old Town neighborhood. Known as Carl Street Studios until 1936, West Burton Place was comprised of nineteenth-century houses and apartment buildings that were remodeled into artists’ studios by artist and entrepreneur Sol Kogen and designer Edgar Miller during the late 1920s and 1930s. Repurposing salvaged materials and fixtures from demolished buildings, such as old copper bathtubs, fireplace tiles, and marble, Kogen, Miller, and a team of craftspeople transformed the dilapidated Victorian-era buildings into multi-level studio spaces replete with handcrafted architectural features and ornamentation. Artisan Jesus Torres, whose multimedia talents including metalwork, ceramics, woodcarvings, and murals, was a major contributor. In 1937, “a group of commercial artists led by Karl Peter Koch and Clive Rickabaugh purchased the two rooming houses and three coach houses at 152, 154, and 156 W. Burton Place.” The 154–156 section of West Burton Place functioned as a residential cooperative, bringing together a three-story building with a set of two-story coach houses. Rickabaugh, Koch’s real estate partner, was an artist, designer, and playwright who moved to Chicago in 1929. After studying at the Art Institute of Chicago, Rickabaugh created backdrops for the Century of Progress Exposition in 1933–34. He was then employed as the art director of the Works Progress Administration Theater and later worked as a scenic artist for the Lyric Opera. In the 1950s, he was the art director of ABC-TV Chicago. Rickabaugh founded the West Burton Place Art Fair in 1963. He was a resident of West Burton Place until his death in 1973. During Koch’s thirty-year career in Chicago, he had a studio located at 300 North Ada Street and later at Hotel Sherman, where he worked on industrial, package, and advertising designs. From 1936 to 1940, Koch was a member of the 27 Chicago Designers. Koch designed the cover for the Art Directors Club of Chicago’s Exhibition Advertising Art, held in Blackstone Hall at the Art Institute of Chicago in May 1945. In the “Direct Mail & Catalogs” section of the exhibition publication, he is credited as the artist and art director for the Chicago-based trade typesetting company J.M. Bundscho, Inc. Koch illustrated A Folio of Cultural, Scientific, Commercial & Industrial Symbols: Including the World’s Leading Alphabets, published in 1949. This book contains a variety of alphabet samples and symbols that span human history, with pages illustrating the “First Egyptian Consonantal Alphabet” and “Georgian Nuskhuri.” He was also a well-known map artist and created several renderings of North Russia in a modernist style for the endsheets of Dan Steele’s Snow Trenches. Koch died on June 6, 1955 at age fifty-four. Koch was survived by his wife Martha A. Beneke (1909–1988), whom he wed in 1944. At the time of his death, he was working for Bielefeld Studios, a commercial art studio founded by Herbert Bielefeld in the 1920s and located at 35 East Wacker Drive. In 1959, Kling Studios, Inc. and Bielefeld Studios, Inc. merged into Kling-Bielefeld Studios, Inc. with headquarters at 601 North Fairbanks Court. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived A Century of Progress Records, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. “Charles Koch Dies Suddenly: Heart Attack Is Fatal for Native of Bettsville Tuesday.” The Fremont News-Messenger, March 2, 1939. “Chicago Artist Dies in Studio.” Chicago Tribune, December 28, 1973. Granacki, Victoria and Tim Freye. “West Burton Place Historic District, Chicago, Cook County, IL.” United States Department of the Interior National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. October 17, 2007. “Karl Peter Koch.” The Journal Herald, June 9, 1955. Koch, Karl Peter. A Folio of Cultural, Scientific, Commercial & Industrial Symbols: Including the World’s Leading Alphabets. Chicago: J.M. Bundscho, 1949. “Obituaries: Karl Peter Koch.” Chicago Daily Tribune, June 7, 1955. “Richard J. Bielefeld, 69.” Chicago Tribune, December 5, 2003. Steele, Dan. Snow Trenches. Cartography by Karl Peter Koch. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co., 1931. Stolte, Keith M. Chicago Artist Colonies. Foreword by Amy E. Keller and Zac Bleicher. Charleston, North Carolina: The History Press, 2019. Sutnar, Ladislav. Package Design: The Force of Visual Selling. New York: Arts, Inc.: 1953. The Art Directors Club of Chicago. 1945 Modern Art in Advertising: Exhibition Advertising Art, May 1 to May 30, Blackstone Hall, The Art Institute of Chicago. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago, 1945. The Chicago Design Archive. “Karl Peter Koch.” https://chicagodesignarchive.org/firm/karl-peter-koch. American Chain Company Bielefeld Studios Carl Street Studios/West Burton Place Clive Rickabaugh Edgar Miller Jesús Torres map artist package design Sol Kogen Twenty-Seven Chicago Designers Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Designers Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Helen Hughes Dulany (1884–1968) Description An account of the resource A 1937 newspaper series called “Women at Work” narrates the story of how Helen Hughes Dulany started her design career: during the Great Depression, Dulany was compelled to economize and reluctantly dismissed her butler. Regretting her decision, she asked her domestic employee to stay and determined that she needed to hire—not fire—workers. Her enterprise began when the dishes she designed for herself caught the eye of a friend who then purchased a set from Dulany for fifty dollars. Within weeks, exclusive shops in New York were carrying Dulany’s dishes. Encouraged by the retailers’ interest in her designs, she founded Helen Hughes Dulany Studio above her Lake Shore Drive apartment and opened a factory that produced her household goods. During her career, she designed “vases, kitchen stoves, lamps, vacuum cleaners, stream-lined train interiors—and the appointments of her own home.” General Electric, Republic Steel, Buffalo Potteries, and the Burlington railroad retained her as a designer. While her socioeconomic status was advantageous to her career, she faced serious health challenges before her ascension in the field of design at the age of forty-five. Afflicted with an undisclosed health condition, Dulany underwent sixteen operations in the United States and abroad. She was bedridden for almost eighteen years and considered an “invalid” in early twentieth-century terminology. In 1931, doctors informed her she was near death. While hospitalized at St. Luke’s Hospital in Chicago, she experimented with clay and crayons as a diversion and discovered her aptitude for design. She had no professional training as an artist or designer. Helen Hughes was born in Bismarck, North Dakota in 1885. Her father, General Alexander Hughes (1846–1907), served as territorial attorney general from 1883–84 and made a fortune from electric utilities. Her mother Mary Elizabeth Hughes (1848–1935) was the daughter of Samuel Higginbotham (1826–1863), a physician in South Bend, Indiana. Helen Hughes was one of six children, among them, George A. Hughes, president of the Edison General Electric Appliance Company. On May 10, 1913, Helen Hughes married George W. Dulany, Jr., a wealthy lumber merchant whose father and grandfather had made their money in the same industry in the Mississippi Valley. Dulany, Jr. is also known for starting the so-called “joke” Society for the Prevention of Calling Sleeping Car Porters “George” in 1914. In a retelling of its origin story, Dulany grew tired of hearing customers of Pullman cars shout his first name when they called for a porter. Pullman porters were predominately Black, and the practice of calling them “George,” no matter their actual name, was a Jim Crow-era practice that alluded to the renaming of enslaved people with the names of slaveholders. As journalist Larry Tye explains, “Being called ‘George’ was no laughing matter for George Mortimer Pullman, whose first name had been borrowed, in the manner of the plantation, as a moniker for his Negro porters.” The society was open to white men named George, and at one time it boasted 31,000 members. Helen Hughes Dulany and George W. Dulany, Jr. moved to Chicago in 1920. Dulany’s designs were exhibited at A Century of Progress Exposition, held in Chicago in 1933–1934. Sponsored by the lumber industries of the United States (an industry she knew well as the wife of a lumber executive), the House of Lumber promoted the infinite uses for wood in a dry-built home. Entering the redwood doors of the House of Lumber, fair goers walked through an entrance hall paneled with Louisiana cypress, followed by a living room with walls clad in Appalachian white oak. The dining room was fitted with panels and flooring made from Tennessee walnut. For her contribution, Dulany designed wooden dishes, including a berry bowl, salad bowl, and place plates constructed from dull-finished bird’s eye maple and steins of walnut and maple. In keeping with the theme of the house, grapes and pears sculpted from walnut served as the table centerpiece. As one journalist observed, attendees of various backgrounds were charmed by the centerpiece: “Helen Hughes Dulany, an artist of note, is responsible for this unique idea of table decoration, and from the comments I heard from the men and women of all classes strolling through the house, her clever creations seem to strike the fancy of everyone who enters the place.” The plate, manufactured by Dulany’s studio, is in the collections of the Dallas Museum of Art. When the Edison General Electric Appliance Company discussed hiring Dulany in the 1930s, the choice surprised the company president, her brother George A. Hughes. Hughes did not expect them to offer a contract to a woman, much less his sister. Advertisements for the Hotpoint Electric Range by General Electric (1936) credit Dulany by name in the copy, promoting her a tastemaker: “Styled by Helen Hughes Dulany, foremost woman industrial stylist, it typifies the thinking of modern women in kitchen appliances.” General Electric opted not only to hire a woman designer, but also to use her status as a woman to establish her authority as a designer who knew what the modern housemaker desired. Dulany’s housewares, designed with entertaining and hosting in mind, appeared in multiple issues of Art and Decoration in 1934. The materials, price point, and New York City stockists indicate for whom Helen Hughes Dulany Studios designed: A walnut and birch board for serving cheese sold for nine dollars at Arden Studios at 460 Park Avenue. A dozen after-dinner coffee cups made in clear and frosted glass could be purchased for twenty-five dollars at Alice Marks at 19 East 52nd Street. A glass, oven-to-table serving dish with four compartments, also at Alice Marks, retailed at thirty-five dollars. One dozen frosted glass service plates with a lustre centre sold for sixty-five dollars. Frosted and clear glass stemware for water, champagne, and sherry ranged from twenty-two to twenty-four dollars per dozen. However, not all magazines or shops properly credited her as the creator of her design objects, according to Dulany. To prevent appropriation, Dulany decided to only show her designs in Chicago, where “the field [was] less crowded” and she could stand out as an individual. While Dulany’s tableware for the House of Lumber and chic hostesses demonstrated her talents in more traditional materials, she also implemented more novel materials such as stainless steel, silver-plate, and rhodium. Their properties of reflectiveness, strength, and sleekness were well suited to the modern aesthetic she first sought for her own home. After she moved into her Lake Shore Drive apartment, “none of the family heirlooms would fit gracefully,” so she endeavored to design “furnishing that wouldn’t quarrel with their background.” Dulany could envision an object, but its production required the knowledge and expertise of craftspeople, such as Charles Cadman, to manufacture it. She designed stainless steel dishes and table utensils for the Burlington Zephyr train, a spherical, chromed metal caviar server now in the collections of the Brooklyn Museum (ca. 1930), and a silver-plated, two-tiered candelabra (1935) owned by the Dallas Museum of Art. In 1935, Dulany designed a rhodium belt buckle that functioned as a case for cigarettes and matches. A large photograph accompanying the announcement of the new design shows a woman modeling the smoking accessory. Attached to her belt, the buckle is opened horizontally. Nestled inside the case, an orderly row of cigarettes reflects in the mirror-like finish of the interior. Dulany’s belt buckle captured the attention of Italian fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli, who was designing a dress to be worn with the buckle. At the peak of her design career, Dulany “earned $100,000 fashioning art objects.” Seventy-nine years after the “Women in Work” newspaper series by the AP Features Service highlighted Dulany, the online design magazine Core77 wrote a profile on Dulany for its “Designing Women” series. Her career had a meteoric rise, but her active years as a designer were relatively brief: “After 1937 Dulany all but disappeared from design, apparently as an unfortunate consequence of her divorce one year earlier. In the decades since, her designs have become difficult to find outside of a handful of pieces in a few American museums.” Delany filed for divorce in December 1936 and testified that her husband George W. Dulany, Jr. had deserted her on November 8, 1935. Their divorce was widely publicized in national newspapers that frequently noted her profession as an eminent designer. After the divorce, Dulany went on a South American cruise and vacationed in England, Scandinavia and Honolulu. One year later, Dulany moved from Chicago to California. In January 1938, Helen Hughes Delany wed Atherton Richards in small ceremony in Pasadena. Their wedding ceremony was held in a bungalow at the Hotel Huntington, where Dulany had been living since December 1937. Richards was president of the Hawaiian Pineapple company—the same company that had commissioned designs from Dulany in 1935. The couple planned to live in Honolulu. In November 1942, Helen Hughes Richards was an active member of the Women’s Committee for the Community War Fund, living part-time in Washington, D.C. with her husband. She was also busy furnishing their luxurious Shoreham Hotel apartment with other people’s designs and visiting with her friend from San Francisco, the celebrated textile designer and weaver Dorothy Liebes. While her career in design may have ended in the late 1930s, Helen Hughes Richards found another profession as an editor-at-large for the popular magazine Reader’s Digest. She filed for divorce from Atherton Richards on June 30, 1955. Despite the grim prognosis given to her by doctors in her forties, she lived to be eight-four. Helen Hughes Richards died on November 18, 1968 in New York City. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “A Special Invitation to All Ventura County Women…” Morning Free Press, November 22, 1936. All Arts. “Industrial Designer Helen Hughes Dulany.” Arts & Design in Chicago, Season 1, Episode 3. Video, 2:03. Aired October 26, 2018. https://allarts.org/programs/art-design-in -chicago/industrial-designer-helen-hughes-delaney-9cmufb/. “After Dinner Interlude.” Arts and Decoration 40, no. 3 (January 1934): 60–61. “Art Designer Beats Death to Win Fame: Helen Hughes Dulany Earns Fortune After 18 Years as Invalid.” Great Falls Tribune, April 7, 1936. “Asks Divorce: Mrs. Helen Hughes Dulany.” Chicago Daily Tribune, December 6, 1936. “Atherton Richardses in City.” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 28, 1938. Billheimer, Ruth. “Coast Visitors Go to Wedding of Chicagoan.” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 23, 1938. Billheimer, Ruth. “Pasadena in Holiday Garb Attends Races.” Chicago Daily Tribune, December 26, 1937. Brooklyn Museum. “Caviar Server.” https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/1692. Cass, Judith. “Helen Hughes Dulany to Wed in California.” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 18, 1938. “Cookery Show Is Presented: Advantages of Electricity Demonstrated During Program.” The Ogden Standard-Examiner, February 1, 1935. “Decorating: With Love from…” Vogue 83, no. 8 (April 15, 1934): 78, 79, 105. “Dine and Stay.” Arts and Decoration 41, no. 1 (May 1934): 44. “Divorces G.W. Dulany Jr.: Wife, an Industrial Designer, in Chicago Action Charges Desertion.” New York Times, December 13, 1936. “Fight to Break Mary E. Hughes’ $1,000,000 Will.” Chicago Tribune, January 15, 1937. Filler, Martin. “On the Twentieth Century.” House Beautiful 142, no. 5 (May 2000): 70–74.Fried, Alexander. “News of Music and Art World.” The San Francisco Examiner, March 26, 1936. “Having to Fire Butler Put Artist in Business.” Deadwood Pioneer-Times, February 2, 1937. “Helen Dulany Visiting Here.” Honolulu Star-Bulletin, September 23, 1937. “Helen Hughes Dulany, 84, Industrial Designer, Dies.” New York Times, November 20, 1968. “Helen Hughes Dulany Seeks Divorce.” New York Times, December 7, 1936. “In a Jungle That Overlooks Lake Michigan.” The Spur 51, no. 6 (June 1, 1933): 41. “Married in St. Louis.” The Bismarck Tribune, June 8, 1913. McLaughlin, Kathleen. “A Woman’s Rise to Fame as Designer: Story of Mrs. Helen Hughes Dulany.” Chicago Daily Tribune, December 16, 1934. Moffett, India. “Washington: The Crossroads of the World.” Chicago Tribune, November 8, 1942. “Mrs. Brewster Gives Lecture in Honolulu.” Chicago Tribune, February 13, 1939. “Mrs. Helen Dulany Gets Uncontested Divorce in Chicago.” Iowa City Press-Citizen, December 14, 1936. “Mrs. Helen Richards Dies; Noted Designer.” The Indianapolis Star, November 19, 1968. “Mrs. Richards Dies; Daughter of Pioneer.” The Bismarck Tribune, November 30, 1968. “New Electric Range Wins Wide Acclaim.” Wilmington Daily Press Journal, November 20, 1935. “Noted Designer Granted Divorce.” San Francisco Examiner, December 13, 1936. Provines, June. “Front Views and Profiles.” Chicago Daily Tribune, April 3, 1936. Provines, June. “Front Views and Profiles.” Chicago Daily Tribune, November 2, 1937. “Resolutions Death of Gen. Alex. Hughes.” The Bismarck Tribune, January 23, 1908. “Rhodium Belt Buckle Solves Smokers’ Problem.” The Dayton Herald, November 9, 1935. “Special Offer: Free Range Wiring.” The Honolulu Advertiser, May 10, 1936. “Started Factory Because She Didn’t Want to Fire Butler.” Fort Worth Star-Telegram, February 5, 1937. Stern, Jewel. Modernism in American Silver: 20th-Century Design. Edited by Kevin W. Tucker and Charles Venable. Dallas: Dallas Museum of Art, 2005. “Table Talk.” Arts and Decoration 40, no. 4 (February 1934): 60–61. “Table Talk.” Arts and Decoration 40, no. 6 (April 1934): 57–59. Veit, Rebecca. “Helen Hughes Dulany, 1930s Socialite Turned ‘Over-Worked Genius’ of Industrial Design.” Core77, February 10, 2016. http://www.core77.com/posts/46465/Helen-Hughes Dulany-1930s-Socialite-Turned-“Over-Worked-Genius”-of-Industrial-Design. “Woman Designer Sues for Divorce: Desertion Charged by Helen Hughes Dulany—Settlement Arranged.” The Indianapolis Star, December 7, 1936. “World’s Fair Vignettes: The House of Lumber.” St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 30, 1933. A Century of Progress Burlington Zephyr disability Edison General Electric home goods House of Lumber household appliances Lake Shore Drive Pullman Company Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Designers Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas Crawford McMurtrie (1888–1944) Description An account of the resource Douglas Crawford McMurtrie was a nationally renowned typographer, bibliographer, and authority on the history of printing. Over the course of his career, McMurtrie advised on the typographical redesigning of hundreds of newspapers and contributed to over 779 works on the subject of printing. He also helped to form the Continental Type Founders Association and edited the magazine Ars Typographica. While a position at the Cuneo Press brought him to Chicago, he spent nearly two decades as the director of typography at the Ludlow Typograph Company. In addition to his achievements in the field of design, McMurtrie held leadership roles in the rehabilitation movement for disabled children and World War I military veterans. He served as president of the Society for Crippled Children and director of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. An advocate for the reformation of public attitudes toward disabled people and their full inclusion in society and the workplace, McMurtrie applied his printing expertise to the movement. Douglas Crawford McMurtrie was born on July 20, 1888 in Belmar, New Jersey to William McMurtrie (1851–1913) and Helen Douglass. His father was a chemist whose agricultural research propelled the sugar beet industry in the United States. From 1906 to 1910, Douglas C. McMurtrie attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). During his undergraduate studies, he designed his cohort’s yearbook, acted as the managing editor of the student-run newspaper, and worked as a correspondent for three Boston newspapers. McMurtrie graduated from MIT in 1910 and was then hired by the Pittsburgh Typhoid Fever Commission, where he produced much of its printed materials for distribution. His involvement with the Federation of Associations for Cripples began in 1910. From 1912 to 1919, McMurtrie edited the Journal of Care for Cripples and, starting in 1915, served as the president of the organization. His first bibliographic project was a compilation for the Society for Crippled Children entitled Bibliography of the Education and Care of Crippled Children: A Manual and Guide to the Literature Relating to Cripples Together with an Analytical Index. McMurtrie’s contributions to the rehabilitation movement involved national speaking engagements and the publication of printed materials. In his analysis of McMurtrie’s role in the movement, historian Brad Byrom explains, “As a prosperous businessman in the craft of printing, McMurtrie’s wealth and position allowed him to become a filter through which the vast bulk of information concerning the movement passed.” According to Byrom, McMurtrie was among the most influential advocates in the rehabilitation movement and one of many reformers with professions outside of medicine. “To him, the most important aspect of rehabilitation involved changing traditional attitudes toward disabled people. McMurtrie held the nondisabled primarily responsible for the dependency that characterized America’s crippled population.” McMurtrie and likeminded advocates campaigned in opposition to medical rehabilitationists, including doctors, who fallaciously blamed disabled individuals for their moral weaknesses and pathologized dependency. During World War I, McMurtrie was the director of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men which offered physical and psychological rehabilitation, vocational job training, and job placement. The founding of the Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men by the Red Cross in 1917 predates the establishment of the United States Veteran Bureau by four years. While the Institute was formed to help disabled civilians, its initiatives soon focused on the rehabilitation of injured soldiers. By the end of the war, 224,000 soldiers had suffered injuries and approximately 4,400 returned from the war with fully or partially amputated limbs. An estimated forty thousand soldiers were discharged after sustaining psychological trauma, then called “shell shock” (today categorized as post-traumatic stress disorder). According to one 1918 newspaper article, McMurtrie was “considered the American pioneer in the field of re-education for soldiers incapacited as a result of their service, and probably the foremost authority in this country on the subject.” His essay “The High Road to Self-Support” was published by the Surgeon General. The Red Cross Institute published McMurtrie’s compilation A Bibliography of the War Cripple in 1918. According to American studies scholar John M. Kinder, “Under the direction of Douglas McMurtrie, it produced over fifty different pamphlets, broadsheets, and monographs on rehabilitation work within the first year of the Armistice. In 1918, the institute distributed six million copies of McMurtrie’s flyer Your Duty to the War Cripple in New York customers’ utility bills.” McMurtrie then worked as a freelance designer and printing broker in New York. His work attracted the attention of Ingalls Kimball, the co-designer of the Cheltenham typeface, who hired him as a general manager of the Cheltenham Press. However, McMurtrie became dissatisfied with the lack of opportunity to create and publish his own designs. In 1917, McMurtrie was hired to be the director of the Columbia University Printing Office but left the position in 1919 when the university sold all of their printing equipment due to insufficient funding and production. Afterwards, McMurtrie became the president of the Arbor Press for two years. McMurtrie was concerned that popular typographies were beginning to look similar and the variations were becoming smaller. In response to this problem, McMurtrie established a modern printing plant in the countryside of Greenwich, Connecticut in 1921 with the goal of producing high-quality prints without the distractions of the urban environment. Unfortunately, the plant could not produce enough capital to support its productions. He sold it to Condé Nast Publications but remained its manager. During this time, he designed and published his own typefaces, such as the McMurtrie Title and Vanity Fair Capitals, and was a major contributor to the format of the New Yorker magazine. In 1923, McMurtrie left Condé Nast Publications to freelance in New York again. From 1925 to 1926, he was the editor of Ars Typographica, a periodical that featured prints of many types. McMurtrie was also crucial in the forming of the Continental Typefounders Association in 1925, an organization that encouraged typography exchanges between European nations and the United States. McMurtrie was responsible for the importation of Cochin and Didot. In 1927, he left his position with the periodical and moved to Chicago to become the typographic editor of the Cuneo Press. One of the most notable books he published in 1927 is The Golden Book which compiles the history of printing and was revised in 1938 and renamed The Book. His time at the Cuneo Press was brief. In 1928, he joined the advertising and public relations departments of the Ludlow Typograph Company. McMurtrie moved to the company because they supported and funded his research and writing endeavors in bibliography. During his tenure at Ludlow Typograph Company, he established himself as a leading historian of typography and published more than five hundred bibliography books, among them the Chicago-themed The First Printers of Chicago: With a Bibliography of the Issues of the Chicago Press, 1836–1850 (1927) and A Bibliography of Chicago Imprints, 1835–1850 (1944). Although he is the only named author of these books, McMurtrie employed several researchers and writers and distributed the workload among them. In 1936, he had planned to write and publish a four-volume history of printing in the United States, but only two books covering the Middle and Southern Atlantic states would be finished. In 1936, McMurtrie was invited to direct a Federal Works Progress Administration project that aimed to organize and create archival systems and spaces. Called the American Imprints Inventory, the ambitious federal work relief project endeavored to compile “a comprehensive listing of all early American imprints extant in American libraries, archives, and historical institutions.” As director, McMurtrie encountered an array of difficulties that led to his involuntary resignation in 1941. Afterwards, the Newberry Library in Chicago carried on the project and eventually deposited over fifteen million unpublished cards at the Library of Congress. His second involvement with another WPA initiative led to thousands periodical indexes but went unpublished and was later transferred to Michigan State University. McMurtrie used his personal imprint Eyncourt Press to publish a few pieces of erotica and The Stone Wall: An Autobiography (1930), written by Ruth White Fuller (1864–1935) under the pen name Mary Casal. Considered one of the earliest books in American literature to tell the life story of a lesbian, The Stone Wall is likely the namesake of the Greenwich Village tearoom founded that same year by Vincent Bonavia. The reference to the book title may have signaled that lesbians were welcome there. Later known as the Stonewall Inn, the gay bar and tavern became the pivotal site of the 1969 riots that sparked the LGBTQ liberation movement. McMurtrie’s publication of erotica and The Stone Wall via Eyncourt Press may seem uncharacteristic of his overall design and research practice. However, his series of articles on prostitution and sexuality, with titles such as “Attraction Between Inverts of the Opposite Sex” and “Lesbian Assemblies,” from the 1910s provide some precedent for these interests. In 1944, Douglas C. McMurtrie died of heart disease at the age of fifty-six. At the time of his death, he was living at 950 Michigan Avenue in Evanston and working on a book about the European underground press. He was buried in Graceland Cemetery. McMurtrie and his wife Adele Kohler, who were married in 1915, had three children: Havelock Hayden, Helen Josephine Hodgson, and Thomas Baskerville. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bruntjen, Scott, and Melissa L. Scott. Douglas C. McMurtrie, Bibliographer and Historian of Printing. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1979. Byrom, Brad. “A Pupil and a Patient: Hospital-Schools in Progressive America.” In The New Disability History: American Perspectives, edited Paul K. Longmore and Lauri Umansky, 133–157. New York: New York University Press, 2001. “Conference to Consider Needs of Disabled Men.” Chattanooga Daily Times, February 16, 1919. “D.C. McMurtrie Dies at 56; Was Type Designer.” New York Herald Tribune, September 30, 1944. “D.C. McMurtrie, Noted Designer of Type, Is Dead.” Chicago Tribune, September 30, 1944. Detterer, Ernest Frederick and Douglas C. McMurtrie. Fine Printing at the Cuneo Press. Chicago: Cuneo Press, 1927. Douglas C. McMurtrie Collection, Special Collections at the University of Arizona Libraries, Tucson. Douglas C. McMurtrie Imprints, Special Collections and Archives, Pickler Memorial Library, Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri. Douglas C. McMurtrie Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago. Heller, Steven. Texts on Type: Critical Writings on Typography. New York: Allworth Press, 2006. Kinder, John M. Paying with Their Bodies: American War and the Problem of the Disabled Veteran. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015. Kraig, Beth. “Douglas McMurtrie and the American Imprints Inventory, 1937–1942.” The Library Quarterly 56, no. 1 (January 1986): 17–31. McCaffrey, Frank. An Informal Biography of Douglas C. McMurtrie. San Francisco: Privately printed, 1939. McMurtrie, Douglas C. A Bibliography of Chicago Imprints, 1835–1850. Chicago: W. Howes, 1944. McMurtrie, Douglas C. “A Bibliography of Peoria Imprints, 1835–1860.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 27, no. 2 (1934): 202–27. McMurtrie, Douglas C. A Bibliography of the War Cripple. Compiled by Douglas C. McMurtrie. Publications of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men, Series 1, Number 1. New York: Red Cross Institute, 1918. McMurtrie, Douglas C. Appropriate Typographical Style in Public Health Printing. Greenwich, Connecticut: Condé Nast Press, 1924. McMurtrie, Douglas C. Bibliography of the Education and Care of Crippled Children: A Manual and Guide to the Literature Relating to Cripples Together with an Analytical Index. New York: Douglas C. McMurtrie, 1913. McMurtrie, Douglas C. “Intelligent Book Collecting Requires Specialization.” The Paterson Morning Call, March 7, 1940. McMurtrie, Douglas C. “Locating the Printed Source Materials for United States History.” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 31, no. 3 (1944): 369–406. McMurtrie, Douglas C. “Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft.” The American Historical Review 49, no. 1 (1943): 82–83. McMurtrie, Douglas C. “Rebuilding of Crippled Host After the War.” The Charlotte News, May 5, 1918. McMurtrie, Douglas C. “Reducing the Cost of Disability in the Hardware Trade.” American Artisan and Hardware Record 77, no 11 (1919): 26. McMurtrie, Douglas C. The Duty of the Medical Profession in the Reconstruction of the War Cripple. New York: American Red Cross, 1918. McMurtrie, Douglas C. The First Printers of Chicago: With a Bibliography of the Issues of the Chicago Press, 1836–1850. Chicago: Cuneo Press, 1927. McMurtrie, Douglas C. “The First Printers of Illinois.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 26, no. 3 (1933): 202–221. McMurtrie, Douglas C. “The Medical Professional After the War.” American Medical Association Journal 71 (November 16, 2018): 1663–64. McMurtrie, Douglas C. The Typography of a Small Newspaper: An Address at the Meeting of the Illinois Press Association. Chicago: Ludlow Typograph Company, 1928. McMurtrie, Douglas C. Typography of Magazines and House Organs. Chicago: Privately printed, 1935. McMurtrie, Douglas C. Typography Which Delivers the Sales Message: Proofs of Alternative Settings of the Same Copy to Illustrate a Talk by Douglas C. McMurtrie. Chicago: Ludlow Typograph Company, 1938. “McMurtrie, Expert on Printing, Dies.” Windsor Star, September 30, 1944. “Newspaper Composing Room Executives Hear Widely-Known Typography Expert: Douglas C. McMurtrie of Chicago Addresses 52 Members of Association at Semi-Annual Banquet, on Effective Advertising Displays.” Burlington Free Press, May 20, 1940. “The Future Welfare of Our Men Crippled in the Service.” Morning Chronicle, May 13, 1918. “To Tell How to Aid War-Made Cripples: Douglas C. McMurtrie Will Make Three Addresses.” Democrat and Chronicle, August 27, 1918 A Century of Progress Cuneo Fine Binding Studio Cuneo Mansion Douglas C. McMurtrie Gutenberg Press International Brotherhood of Book Binders printing industry William Anthony Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Designers Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cuneo Press (1907–1977) Description An account of the resource Founded in 1907, the Cuneo Press was one of Chicago’s largest printing companies, second only to the R.R. Donnelley & Sons. Its founder John F. Cuneo, Sr. was the third generation in his wealthy family to flourish as a Chicago businessman. His grandfather, John B. Cuneo, emigrated from Genoa, Italy in 1847 and prospered as a produce and wholesale grocery merchant. His father, Frank Cuneo, was the president of the produce firm Garibaldi & Cuneo. Frank Cuneo’s investment in real estate was credited with starting the development of the Wilson Avenue business district in 1910. Born in Chicago on December 24, 1884, John F. Cuneo attended the Latin School of Chicago. He enrolled at Yale University but left before completing his degree to start his career as an owner of a book bindery. In 1907, with a loan of $10,000 from his father, Cuneo founded a small book bindery that occupied one floor at Madison and Market Street. Quick to expand into the printing business, he realized that there were no existing firms that offered book publishers the combined services of composition, printing, and binding under one roof. In response, he acquired the Henneberry Company in 1919 and established the Cuneo Press. In 1890, the Henneberry Company building, located at 22nd Street and Clinton Avenue, was the largest printing plant in the Chicago. Cuneo would continue to expand his printing empire through large-scale purchases and the management of printing-press operations across the United States. Popular magazines, such as Boy’s Life, Cosmopolitan, Good Housekeeping, Harper’s Bazaar, House Beautiful, and Town & Country, were instrumental to the success of the Cuneo Press, contributing to forty-five percent of its overall volume. At the same time, the company produced books, catalogs, and phone directories. In 1925, the Cuneo Press hired renowned bibliographer and typeface designer Douglas C. McMurtrie (1888–1944) as the director of typography. One year later, McMurtrie left the Cuneo Press after accepted an offer for the same title at Ludlow Typograph Company. In 1926, the Cuneo Press opened a world-class fine bindery, the Cuneo Fine Binding Studio, that attracted international master binders, including Leonard Mounteney of the Royal Bookbinder in London. Mounteney, who had previously worked at the R.R. Donnelley Binder, was praised as “an exhibition binder” whose “handcrafted extremely fine, high-end leather bindings” were worthy of museum exhibitions. Books produced by the Cuneo Fine Binding Studio won awards and were exhibited at the Art Institute of Chicago and the John Crerar Library. The success of the Cuneo Press interested Henry Ford, who offered to purchase the Cuneo Press in 1927; but, the company declined the proposal in pursuit of expanding and building two more plants of their own. The Cuneo Press was responsible for printing the official guidebook for A Century of Progress International Exhibition, held in Chicago in 1933 and 1934. At the World’s Fair, the Cuneo Press presented an exhibition on the history of printing and engraving processes, complete with actors in period costumes demonstrating how the machines were used. Most famously, the exhibition showcased the original Gutenberg press, the first moveable type press, on loan from the Gutenberg Museum in Mainz, Germany. Replica type cases of Johannes Gutenberg were also displayed. Otto Maurice Forkert, a graduate of the Graphics Art Academy in Zurich and an Instructor of Printing Arts at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, managed the Gutenberg workshop at A Century of Progress in 1933. Additionally, Forkert authored the souvenir booklet From Gutenberg to The Cuneo Press: An Historical Sketch of the Printing Press for the exhibition. The frontispiece of the booklet reproduced a sixteenth-century woodcut, depicting artisans at the printing press, by German printmaker Jost Amman whose woodcuts were featured in illustrations throughout the brochure. An illustration of the Cuneo Press Building in Milwaukee, Wisconsin visually linked the twentieth-century press to a centuries-long lineage of printers and bookmakers. Fairgoers from across the country also went home with twelve-by-seventeen-inch facsimiles of Johann Fust and Peter Schoeffer’s Mainz Psalter (1456)—the second book to be published using Gutenberg’s movable type process. Fair attendees watched the souvenir page being printed at the recreated Gutenberg workshop. To commemorate the closing day and last air mail pick-up from the World’s Fair, the Cuneo Press designed a limited-edition souvenir for stamp collectors: a philatelic cover “hand printed and set in the original Donat type (the first moveable metal type in the world)” and “printed on the Gutenberg press.” The printing of the commemorative cover also paid tribute to the Gutenberg press before its journey back to Mainz. The Cuneo Press participated at the 1939–40 New York World’s Fair in celebration of 500 years of printing. Forkert, who “joined Cuneo Press as director of design and typography” in 1934, directed its History of Printing exhibition. There Cuneo employees made souvenir prints of seventy-six lines from Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography (1791) and Stephen Daye’s “The Oath of a Freeman” (1630s). Daye’s loyalty pledge was considered the earliest known American imprint, making it an apt choice for the printing anniversary. By 1940, Cuneo had established plants not only in Chicago and Milwaukee but also Kokomo, Indiana, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Weehawken, New Jersey. Members of the local union of the International Brotherhood of Book Binders went on strike at the Cuneo Press plant in Chicago in January 1940. Forming picket lines, 750 members of the newly established union fought for “a closed shop, seniority rights, and pay raises that would average 6 cents an hour or more.” By 1955 the company’s net income was $255,782, a time when Chicago led the world in commercial printing. The eighth largest industry in Chicago, commercial printing drew in one billion dollars annually. That same year, another strike was held at the Kokomo plant, halting operations. The Cuneo Press building in Kokomo, Indiana caught fire on September 25, 1957, causing one million dollars in damage. William Anthony served as the art director of the Cuneo Press in 1968. The son of an Irish bookbinder, Anthony followed the family profession beginning with a seven-year apprenticeship. His continued his education with another seven years of training at the Camberwell College of Arts in London, where he specialized fine binding. His expertise was recognized through his membership of the London Guild of Contemporary Bookbinders. At the Cuneo Press, he designed books and brochures; outside of the company, Anthony taught fine binding classes in the bindery of the John Crerar Library, then part of the Illinois Institute of Technology. In the 1980s, Anthony operated a book bindery studio with apprentices in the Old Colony Building at 407 South Dearborn Street. In 1977, the Cuneo Press shut down in large part due to its high operation costs. That December, Northwestern University Library received a donation consisting of archival materials, binding and printing artifacts, and records from the Cuneo Binding Studio. In addition to photographs, advertisements, and brochures, the Cuneo Studio archival collection includes “hand moulds, wood and iron nipping presses, fine paper and parchment, and a working replica of the Gutenberg printing pressed used by the Cuneo History of Printing exhibit.” By 1995, the abandoned seven-story Cuneo Press building at 2242–2266 South Grove Street in Chicago’s South Side were slated for demolition. The method of its razing made headlines and drew crowds: for the first time in Chicago, explosives were used implode a building. In 1965, John F. Cuneo, Sr.’s net worth, accumulated through real-estate developments and the ownership of the Cuneo Press, Hawthorn Mellody Farms Dairy, and the National Tea Company, amounted to 120 million dollars. He also owned the Milwaukee-Golf Development Company and the Camel View Plaza in Scottsdale, Arizona. Cuneo died in 1977. His wife Julia Shepard Cuneo, son John F. Cuneo, Jr., and daughter Consuela Roti survived him. In his will, Cuneo stipulated that his family’s thirty-two room mansion on Milwaukee Avenue in Vernon Hills be transformed into a museum following the death of his wife. In July 1991, one year after Julia Shepard Cuneo’s death, the Cuneo Mansion opened its doors to the public. The palatial, Italianate-style mansion, built in 1916 for utility magnate Samuel Insull and purchased by Cuneo in 1937, is situated on one hundred acres of gardens and landscaped grounds. John Cuneo, Jr. (1931–2019) gifted the family estate, valued at $50 million, to Loyola University Chicago in 2009. In 2016, the Lake County Forest Preserve purchased the Cuneo Family Farm, owned by Cuneo, Jr. since the early 1960s, for an estimated $10.5 million. His training of circus animals, including “lions, white tigers, elephants, leopards, and bears,” on the property garnered controversy and resulted in legal action by the federal government. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “2 Pilsen Warehouses Fall to Demolition Crew’s Touch.” Chicago Tribune, January 29, 1995. “Airplane View of Cuneo Press Development.” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 27, 1927. Armour, Lawrence A. “The Printed Word: Expanding Markets, Better Equipment Give It New Lustre.” Barron’s National Business and Financial Weekly 40, no. 48 (November 28, 1960): 3. A Century of Progress. Official Guide Book of the World’s Fair of 1934. Chicago: Cuneo Press, 1934. “Air Mail Pick Up to Carry Last Day Souvenir of Fair.” The Berwyn News, October 12, 1934. Baker, Robb. “Gutenberg Heirs Salute Him.” Chicago Tribune, August 25, 1968. Brown, Emily Clark. Book and Job Printing in Chicago: A Study of Organizations of Employers and Their Relations with Labor. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1931. Butcher, Fanny. “Books: Fair Presents Many Thrills to Book Lover: First Editions Are Shown by Publishers.” Chicago Daily Tribune, July 15, 1933. “Christmas Seal Contest: Strive to Meet Deadline.” Chicago Tribune, August 18, 1968. Cuneo Press. Gutenberg’s Calendar of the Turks for the Year Fourteen Hundred Fifty-Five: Printed from the Reconstructed Type of Gutenberg and Rubricated by Hand in the Gutenberg Workshop. Chicago: Cuneo Press, 1933. Cuneo Press. Specimens of Type Faces: Monotype, Linotype, Foundry. Chicago: Cuneo Press, 1939. “Cuneo Press Buys Kokomo, Ind., War Surplus Facilities.” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 3, 1949. “Cuneo Press, Inc.: Outlook Improved This Year, President Says at Meeting.” The New York Times, June 1, 1955. “Cuneo Press’ Kokomo Plant Hit by Fire.” Chicago Daily Tribune, September 26, 1957. “Cuneo Press to Expand.” New York Times, May 7, 1927. Cuneo Studio Materials. Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. “D.C. McMurtrie Dies at 56; Was Type Designer.” New York Herald Tribune, September 30, 1944. Detterer, Ernest Frederick and Douglas C. McMurtrie. Fine Printing at the Cuneo Press. Chicago: Cuneo Press, 1927. Douglas C. McMurtrie Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago. Foerstner, Abigail. “Fine Bindings an Investment in Preserving Tomes of Sentiment.” Chicago Tribune, January 29, 1984. Forkert, Otto Maurice. 500 Years of Printing Arts; an Historical Sketch of the Printing Press. Chicago: Cuneo Press, 1940. Forkert, Otto Maurice. From Gutenberg to the Cuneo Press: An Historical Sketch of the Printing Press. Chicago: The Cuneo Press, 1933.Gorman, John. “Cuneo Mansion Opens to Public: Treasure-laden Home of Printing King Reborn as Museum.” Chicago Tribune, July 9, 1991. “Gutenberg Model at Work: Pages from Bible to Be Printed at World’s Fair Exhibit.” New York Herald Tribune, July 4, 1940. “Gutenberg Press Due Here May 12.” New York Times, May 4, 1933. “He’s Rich Man’s Son, Wild Animals’ Trainer: John Cuneo Jr., Here at Shrine Circus, Makes Paying Business of His Hobby—Has His Own Zoo.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 1, 1960. Heise, Kenan. “Obituaries: Graphic Design Expert Otto Forkert.” Chicago Tribune, May 14, 1991. “John Cuneo, Printing Firm Owner, Dies at 92.” Chicago Tribune, May 1, 1977. “Judge to Give Ruling Today in Cuneo Case.” Chicago Tribune, December 10, 1929. Lohr, Lenox R. Fair Management: A Guide for Future Fairs, the Story of a Century of Progress Exposition. Chicago: Cuneo Press, 1952. McMurtrie, Douglas C. The First Printers of Chicago: With a Bibliography of the Issues of the Chicago Press, 1836-1850. Chicago: Cuneo Press, 1928. McMurtrie, Douglas C. and Ernest Frederick Detterer. Fine Printing at the Cuneo Press. Chicago: Cuneo Press. “Obituaries: John F. Cuneo.” Chicago Tribune, May 2, 1977. Regan Printing House. Story of Chicago in Connection with the Printing Business. Chicago: Reagan Printing House, 1912. Rodkin, Dennis. “Cuneo Family Farm Sold to Lake County Forest Preserves.” Crain’s Chicago Business. March 1, 2016. https://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20160301/CRED0701/160229844/cuneo-farm -sold-to-lake-county-forest-preserves. Scully, Margaret. “Training Animals His Hobby, and He Finds Bears Exciting.” Chicago Tribune, March 21, 1950. “Strike Settled, Work Resumed at Cuneo Press.” Chicago Tribune, January 23, 1941. “Strikers Continue to Picket Cuneo Press Despite Order.” The Kokomo Moring Times, April 21, 1967. “U.S. Halts Strike on Draft Printing.” Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph, October 10, 1940. “Your Home Town Paper Receives Treasured Souvenir.” Shiner Gazette, September 14, 1933. A Century of Progress Cuneo Fine Binding Studio Cuneo Mansion Douglas C. McMurtrie Gutenberg Press International Brotherhood of Book Binders printing industry William Anthony Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Designers Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charles Clarence Dawson (1889-1981) Description An account of the resource Charles Clarence Dawson is significant for his many contributions to illustration, design, and fine art during the “Chicago Black Renaissance” of the interwar period and beyond. The “Great Migration,” which refers to the relocation of large numbers of African Americans from rural areas in the South to urban centers in the North, transformed the first half of the twentieth century and impacted Dawson’s arts leadership and design pursuits. The accompanying principles of the “New Negro Movement” marked a flourishing of black philosophic, economic, creative, and political practices in the midst of the repressive Post-Reconstruction and Jim Crow era. Dawson, born in Brunswick, Georgia, in 1889, attended the renowned Tuskegee Institute, a school initially opened for African American teachers led by celebrated educator and orator Booker T. Washington. While there, Dawson studied drafting with architect Walter Thomas Bailey, who was appointed head of the Mechanical Industries Department in 1905 and would later design several of the school’s buildings, including the still-used women’s dormitory, White Hall, as well as significant buildings in Chicago and Memphis. Soon afterwards, in 1907, Dawson relocated to New York to attend the Art Students League as its first black pupil. In 1912, Dawson moved to Chicago, to attend the Art Institute of Chicago. According to his unpublished autobiography, Touching the Fringes of Greatness, Dawson attributes his attendance to the Art Institute’s progressive stance on race, insofar as “the policy of the Art Institute was entirely free of bias.” An active student, Dawson was secretary of the Chicago Architectural League, manager of the Annual Chicago Architectural Exhibition, and member of the Art Students League of Chicago. Upon graduation and at the outset of World War I, in 1917, Dawson joined the segregated armed forces as an officer in training with the Buffalo Soldiers regiment and was sent to France. Dawson’s return to Chicago was framed by the racial conflict between black communities of the South Side and white populations who struggled over jobs and city territory. The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 testifies powerfully to these tensions. At the same time, Chicago’s black population was undergoing newfound power associated with the thriving community of Bronzeville, Chicago’s epicenter of black social life since the early twentieth century. As a freelance illustrator and arts leader Dawson worked with other black artists, such as graphic designer and artist William Farrow, in the organizing of the Chicago Art League (1924), a black artists collective that “offered classes and exhibition opportunities for local artists” and held exhibitions “at the YMCA on Wabash Avenue in Bronzeville.” One of Dawson’s significant accomplishments came in 1927 with the Negro in Art Week exhibition. Dawson contributed as one of three members of the Committee on Fine and Applied Arts, as the designer of the catalog cover, and as a participating artist. The two-part exhibition, initiated by historian Alain Locke with the Chicago Woman’s Club took place from November 18 through 23 at the Art Institute of Chicago and the Chicago Woman’s Clubhouse, both situated downtown. It was organized “with the intention of decreasing friction existing between white and colored people by placing before the public an exhibition of the best work produced by Negroes in Fine and Applied Arts, Music, and Literature, in combination with an exhibition of primitive African Art.” The primitive collection referred to is the Blondiau-Theatre Arts Collection of African Arts from the Belgian Congo, which was included to support the thesis that such unique African heritage made African American art a rival of European art. Dawson conceptualized and illustrated the catalog cover, which not only featured pertinent information regarding the exhibition’s location, time, and duration, but showcased foundational ideals central to the “New Negro,” a term popularized by Locke in his book of the same title that boldly proclaimed the black person as sophisticated and full of self-worth. In Dawson’s illustration an Egyptian pharaoh towers over the silhouettes of various musical performers in tuxedoes linking ancient African motifs to black American culture. In the corner of the composition a Songye power figure invokes the transnational work of forging a new black identity by celebrating an African past. In addition to creating the catalog cover, Dawson contributed several paintings to the exhibition. In 1927 and 1929 Dawson contributed, both general illustrations and the cover illustration, to the Intercollegian Wonder Book and The Book of Achievement the World Over—The Negro in Chicago 1779–1929. The Wonder Books were encyclopedic volumes celebrating the achievements of the black community in Chicago. The series, directed by Frederic H. Hammurabi Robb, the president of the Washington Intercollegiate Club of Chicago at the time, compiled a substantial account of important black leaders, fraternal organizations, churches, schools, and businesses. In the tradition of this type of work, Dawson also self-designed and self-published the children’s book ABC’s of Great Negros (1933). While visiting the George Cleveland Hall Library in Chicago’s Bronzeville neighborhood, Dawson noticed there were no learning materials for black children. The book features twenty-six illustrated biographies of important African American figures, including, Neferti, Frederick Douglas, George Washington Carver, Toussaint l’Ouverture, Zaudita empress of Ethiopia, and Mary L. Bethune, among many others. As the Great Depression gripped the U.S. from the 1930s onward, Dawson maintained a livelihood as one of two black in-house illustrators and designers for Valmor Products Company. Valmor, a Chicago-based cosmetic, beauty supply, and novelties enterprise owned by a white chemist and entrepreneur, produced and marketed a variety of goods to growing black consumer groups. While the pomades and creams coincided with white standards of beauty, including bleaching ointments and hair-straightening tonics, Dawson’s rendering of urbane black sophisticates in minimalist lines and bold shapes had a deep impact on generations of modernist illustrators, artists, and designers of all creeds. A recent exhibition organized in 2015 at the Chicago Cultural Center not only gathered and presented much of Dawson’s work for Valmor, including product labels and advertisement designs, it also assigned authorship to the work which had originally circulated in anonymity. Moreover, the exhibition highlighted the importance of Dawson’s influence beyond the black community, as exampled by the testimony of celebrated contemporary graphic novelist Chris Ware. At the same time, Dawson completed illustrated advertisements for Poro College, an important social hub and educational complex founded by Annie Malone in St. Louis. The school was dedicated to the economic and communal uplift of “Race Women,” a term describing black advocates who sought to improve their conditions and the conditions of other black women through social intervention and education. While Poro College offered deportment, cosmetology, and sales training, it also met the spatial and social needs of a broad and burgeoning black cultural movement, a role far exceeding the general understanding of a beauty school. Among the advertisements Dawson devised, an important series of image and text prints linking modern black people to ancient history and myth stands out. The folio, titled “Famous Black Beauties of History and Mythology,” displays deft illustration skills merged with an interest in redefining blackness as beautiful and important to history. In 1933, amongst much debate regarding the lack of inclusion of black people, Dawson received a commission sponsored by the Urban League to paint a mural within the Social Science Hall for the Century of Progress International Exposition. Also known as the Chicago World’s Fair, the expansive exposition took place on the one-hundred-year anniversary of the founding of Chicago. Dawson’s mural, titled Negro Migration: The Exodus, depicted the Great Migration from rural South to the industrialized North. On each side of the main image were panels filled with “statistics to highlight the social issues of health, housing, and employment and the role of the Urban League in addressing those issues on a national scale.” And while there were “Negro” attractions at the Fair, mostly organized by non-black concessioners, stereotypes were commonplace tools used to pique public interest. The exposition was widely understood by the black community to be “a white man’s proposition.” For the second year of the fair, in 1934, Dawson was commissioned to illustrate and design the poster for a pageant of black music, “O, Sing A New Song,” which highlighted the achievements of African American culture. The poster showcases Dawson’s interest in combining multiple eras. Ancient Egyptian images are mingled with African dancers and drummers, while enslaved folks sing in the fields. At the center of the image is a modern black woman in a 1930s evening gown, her face lifted high. At the bottom of the poster similar women engage in a choreographed dance routine. In the following years, Dawson would participate in another exposition, this one challenging the general racism of the Century of Progress Chicago World’s Fair. The American Negro Exposition, held at the Chicago Coliseum from July 4 through September 2, 1940, gave Dawson a chance to expand his cultural uplifting work into three dimensional dioramas. The exposition, which took place on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the end of the Civil War, was considered the first Negro World's Fair as it gave black people a unique opportunity to represent themselves and their contributions to American life since 1865. Dawson conceptualized and designed a set of thirty-three dioramas marketed as a history of black influence on the progress of America and the world. The dioramas celebrated scenes from ancient Egypt and Africa that showcased important technological and social events, such as, African metal smelting, the use of the wheel by Ethiopians, and the building of the Sphinx. Other noteworthy views included a violent panorama of the first slave market in Virginia (1619), various moments from the Reconstruction era, as well as a depiction of the highly decorated Harlem Hellfighters, an African-American regiment that fought in World War I only to endure continued racism and segregation at home. As a veteran of the segregated armed forces, Dawson experienced this treatment first-hand. Although some were eventually damaged and even lost entirely, the dioramas were gifted to the Tuskegee Institute after the exposition. Dawson, who was beginning his own career at the school, oversaw the repair and installation of the remaining dioramas in their new home at the Museum of Negro Art and Culture at the George Washington Carver Museum where he served as curator from 1944 to 1951. Dawson eventually retired in New Hope, Pennsylvania and passed away in 1981. His archival papers and documents are currently housed at the DuSable Museum of African-American History in Chicago and the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, D.C. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Arts & Design in Chicago. “Charles Clarence Dawson.” https://interactive.wttw.com/art-design-chicago/charles-clarence-dawson. Bone, Robert and Richard A. Courage. The Muse of Bronzeville: African-American Creative Expression in Chicago, 1932–1950. Foreword by Amritjit Singh. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2011. Burkett, Randall K. “Hammurabi in the (MARBL) House.” Emory Libraries & Information Technology. Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library Blog. May 1, 2015. https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/marbl/2015/05/01/hammurabi-in-the-marbl-house/. Charles C. Dawson Papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Charles Dawson Papers, DuSable Museum of African American History, Chicago, Illinois. City of Chicago. “Love for Sale: The Graphic Art of Valmor Products.” 2015. http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/dca/supp_info/Valmor.html. Daniel, Jon. “The Pioneering Work of Nine Black Designers.” Design Week, February 26, 2014. Das, Joanna Dee. Katherine Dunham: Dance and the African Diaspora. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2017. “Dawson, Charles Clarence.” In Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance, edited by Aberjhani and Sandra L. West, 83. New York: Facts on File, 2003. Dingwall, Christopher. “Love for Sale: The Graphic Art of Valmor Products, Chicago Cultural Center, April 25–August 2, 2015 (exhibition review).” Design Issues 32, no. 2 (Spring 2016): 95–97. Douglas, Andrea. “An Artist of the Past That You Should Know: Charles Dawson, 1889–1981.” The International Review of African American Art 22, no. 4 (2009): 65. Foster, John. “Love for Sale.” The Design Observer Group, June 12, 2015. http://designobserver.com/feature/love-for-sale/38927/. Ganz, Cheryl R. Progress. The 1933 Chicago World’s Fair: A Century of Progress. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2012. Graphic Arts Collection: Rare Books and Special Collections, Firestone Library, Princeton University. “Charles Dawson.” https://graphicarts.princeton.edu/2015/07/10/charles dawson/. Knupfer, Anne Meis. “African-American Designers: The Chicago Experience Then and Now.” Design Issues 16, no. 3 (October 2000): 84–91. Margolin, Victor. “African-American Designers in Chicago: Some Preliminary Findings.” AIGA Journal of Design 18, no. 1 (January 2000): 9–10. Pinder, Kymberly N. Painting the Gospel: Black Public Art and Religion in Chicago. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2016. Reynolds, Gary A. Charles Clarence Dawson, 1889–1981. Newark, New Jersey: Newark Museum, 1989. Schulman, David. “Charles Dawson.” AIGA: The Professional Association for Design, September 1, 2008. http://www.aiga.org/design-journeys-charles-dawson/. Schulman, Daniel. “‘White City’ and ‘Black Metropolis’: African-American Painters in Chicago, 1893–1945.” In Chicago Modern, 1893–1945: Pursuit of the New, edited by Elizabeth Kennedy. Chicago: Terra Museum of American Art, 2004. The Newberry Library. “Chicago 1919: Confronting the Race Riots.” https://publications.newberry.org/chicago1919/. West, Sandra L. “Dawson, Charles Clarence (1889–1981), Painter.” In Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance, edited by Aberjhani and Sandra L. West, 83. New York: Checkmark Books, 2003. “William McKnight Farrow.” In Harlem Renaissance Lives from the African American National Biography, edited by Gates, Jr., Henry Louis and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, 192–93. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. A Century of Progress American Negro Exposition Black designers Buffalo Soldiers Charles Clarence Dawson Chicago Art League dioramas illustrator Poro College the New Negro Tuskegee Institute Valmor Products Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Firms Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Art Directors Club of Chicago Description An account of the resource Perplexingly, apart from a briefarticlethat appeared in the March 1953 issueofPrint magazinesixty-three years ago, littledocumentationexistson the history and activities of the Art DirectorsClub of Chicago(ADCC). The article“European Influences on Chicago Designers,”written by graphic designer and ADCC member George McVicker (1904–1990)for a special Society of Typographical Arts (STA)issue, offersno genealogy of the group. Based on the numbering of the ADCC Annuals, the foundingof the organizationmay be placed at 1932 or 1933, althoughthe “first”annualmay not havecoincided withtheir first year of existence. (For reference, the New York Art DirectorsClubwas founded in 1920.) According to McVicker, inthe fall of 1934, the group sponsoreda course taught by much-admired Viennese designer Joseph Binder, known to ADCC membership through European publications. The well-attendedcourse made an enormous impact on participants, who were unfamiliar with Binder’s approach to stylizing and “abstract symbol” making. However, Binder’s influence was nothingcompared to that of László Moholy-Nagy(1895–1946)—called by McVicker “the real bomb [that] hit town.”1Four years after Binder’s course, Moholy-Nagy was brought to Chicago by the local Association of Art and Industry, which includedthe Container Corporationof America, Montgomery Ward, Marshall Field,and R.R. Donnelley representatives. Moholy-Nagy and his “first lieutenant”Gyorgy Kepes(1906–2001) not only introducednewmethods and design principles butalso acquainted Chicagoans with a vocabulary thatredefined design thinking and designproblems, using phrases such as “articulation of space” and “interpenetration of planes.” McVicker mentions the following namesin his Print article; they arepresumably ADCC members. Their names arepresented here in alphabetical order: <div class="page"> <ul> <li class="textLayer">Franz Altschuler</li> <li class="textLayer">Frank Barr</li> <li class="textLayer">Bruce Beck</li> <li class="textLayer">Francis Chase </li> <li class="textLayer">Burton Cherry</li> <li class="textLayer">DeKovic-Smith Design Organization</li> <li class="textLayer">Gene Douglas</li> <li class="textLayer">Cliffe D. Eitel</li> <li class="textLayer">Stan Ekman</li> <li class="textLayer">William Fleming</li> <li class="textLayer">Fran and Ros Foley</li> <li class="textLayer">Morton Goldsholl</li> <li class="textLayer">M. Martin Johnson</li> <li class="textLayer">Elsa Kula</li> <li class="textLayer">Anne Edwards Lang</li> <li class="textLayer">Dale Maxey</li> <li class="textLayer">Everett McNear</li> <li class="textLayer">Phoebe Moore</li> <li class="textLayer">Dale Nichols</li> <li class="textLayer">Herbert Pinzke</li> <li class="textLayer">Bert Ray</li> <li class="textLayer">Harry B. Smith, Jr.</li> <li class="textLayer">Irving Tittel</li> <li class="textLayer">Harold Walter</li> </ul> </div> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived McVicker, George. “European Influence on Chicago Designers,”Print:Magazineof the Graphic Arts7,no. 5 (March 1953): 26–33. exhibition venue Fine Arts Building John Vinci Mies Van Der Rohe Rue Shaw Rue Winterbotham Carpenter social club Wrigley Building Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Firms Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Armour Institute/Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) Description An account of the resource The Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) is Ph.D.-granting private university in Chicago with programs in engineering, architecture, design, science, human sciences, applied technology, business, and law. One of the largest of its kind in the nation, IIT formed in 1940 with the merging of two technical schools: the Armour Institute, established in 1893 on the South Side by meat-packing industrialist Paul Danforth Armour, Sr. (1832–1901), and the Lewis Institute, a high school and junior college founded in 1895 from the estate of Allen Cleveland Lewis (1821–1877). Sharing complementary pedagogies, the consolidated institutes offered a professional education based on science, engineering, management, and the humanities. Other incorporations followed as IIT expanded the scope of its research and educational programs. The Institute of Design joined IIT in 1949 and the Chicago-Kent College of Law in 1969. Historically characterized by its active relationships with industries and businesses in Chicago, IIT is home to research centers such as the Nation Center for Food Safety and Technology and the IIT Research Institute. The IIT Main Campus is renowned worldwide for its modernist architecture. German-born architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969) joined IIT as its first Director of Architecture in 1938 after the closure of the Bauhaus in Weimar by the Nazi regime. During his two-decade tenure at IIT, Mies not only reshaped the curriculum, leading to the reputation of IIT as “the New Bauhaus,” he also orchestrated the master plan of the campus. Envisioned by Mies as an icon of modernity, the IIT Main Campus was entirely reconceived and expanded in the 1940s and 1950s. Laid out following a uniform module determining the size and articulation of each building in relation to one another, the IIT campus was designed to embody rationality, clarity, and economy. Mies’s twenty-two buildings for IIT find their stylistic zenith in the aptly named S.R. Crown Hall (1956) which houses the College of Architecture, Planning, and Design. Conceptually groundbreaking, the building is characterized by its innovative exposed steel structure and its clear-span, column-less interior. S.R. Crown Hall received a National Historic Landmark status in 2001. Additionally, the campus features the Galvin Library (1962), Arthur Keating Hall (1966), and Hermann Hall (1961) by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and the McCormick Tribune Campus Center (2003) by Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 50 Years Bauhaus: Additions on the Occasion of the Exhibition at Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, Illinois, 1969. Stuttgart: Wüttembergischer Kunstverein, 1969. Applebaum, Wilburn. “Illinois Institute of Technology.” In Encyclopedia of Chicago, edited by James R. Grossman, Ann Durkin Keating, and Janice L. Reiff, 49. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. “Armour Gives $1,000,000: Mrs. P.D. Armour Joins Her Son in Gift to the Armour Institute.” New York Times, April 11, 1901. “Armour Institute.” Chicago Daily Tribune, May 29, 1909. Armour Institute of Technology Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Illinois at Chicago. Armour Institute of Technology Grade Books, 1985–1908, Paul V. Galvin Library, University Archives and Special Collections, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. Armour Institute of Technology Records, Paul V. Galvin Library, University Archives and Special Collections, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. Armour War Training Records, 1896–1931, Paul V. Galvin Library, University Archives and Special Collections, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. Beeby, Thomas H. “Toward a Technological Architecture? Case Study of the Illinois Institute of Technology Commons Building.” Perspecta 31 (2000): 10–21. Blaser, Werner. Mies van der Rohe: IIT Campus, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2002. Bluestone, Daniel. “Chicago’s Mecca Flat Blues.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 57, no. 4 (1998): 382–403. Channick, Robert. “Oldest Building at IIT Sold, To Be Apartments: Redevelopment Will Have to Clear Historic Hurdles.” Chicago Tribune, February 1, 2017. Domer, Dennis. “Walter Peterhans and Visual Training at Illinois Institute of Technology.” Structurist no. 31–32 (January 1992): 44–51. Eisenman Architects. “Campus Center.” ANY: Architecture New York 24 (January 1999): 38–43. Grubiak, Margaret M. “Educating the Moral Scientist: The Chapels at I.I.T. and M.I.T.” Arris: Journal of the Southeast Chapter of the Society of Architectural Historians 18 (January 2007): 1–14. Hadid, Zaha. “Campus Center.” ANY: Architecture New York 24 (January 1999): 32–37. Harrington, Kevin. “S. R. Crown Hall.” In AIA Guide to Chicago, edited by Alice Sinkevitch, 387–390. Orlando: Harcourt Original, 2004. Henry T. Heald, Armour Institute Dean’s Records, 1920–1930, Paul V. Galvin Library, University Archives and Special Collections, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. Hull, Mary. “The Home: Home—What Is It?” The Interior 26, no. 1295 (March 21, 1895): 407. Jones, Wes. “Mies-takes.” ANY: Architecture New York 24 (January 1999): 36–41. Koolhaas, Rem. “Campus Center.” ANY: Architecture New York 24 (January 1999): 14–19. Lambert, Phyllis. “Mie’s Student Union.” ANY: Architecture New York 24 (January 1999): 52–53. Levin, Miriam R., et. al. Urban Modernity: Cultural Innovation in the Second Industrial Revolution. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2010. Lewis Institute Records, Paul V. Galvin Library, University Archives and Special Collections, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. Lowrey, Jeannette. “Illinois Institute of Technology.” The Scientific Monthly 65, no. 6 (December 1947): 456–460. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Collection, Ryerson and Burnham Archives, The Art Institute of Chicago. Macauley, Irene. The Heritage of the Illinois Institute of Technology. Chicago: Illinois Institute of Technology, 1978. Mayer, Harold M. and Wade, Richard C. Chicago: Growth of a Metropolis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969. Mertins, Detlef. “Design After Mies.” ANY: Architecture New York 24 (January 1999): 14–19. Mitchell, Ed. “This Is Only a Test.” ANY: Architecture New York 24 (January 1999): 28–35. “New Leadership at Illinois Tech.” Chicago Daily Tribune, May 22, 1952. Rice, Charles. “The Atmosphere of Interior Urbanism: OMA at IIT.” Architectural Design 78, no. 3 (May 2008): 88–91. Schulze, Franz. Illinois Institute of Technology: The Campus Guide: An Architectural Tour. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005. Sejima, Kazuyo and Ryue Nishizawa. “Campus Center.” Special issue, ANY: Architecture New York 24 (1999): 26–31. Somol, R.E. “Five Easy Mieses.” ANY: Architecture New York 24 (January 1999): 20–27. Speaks, Michael. “The Singularity of OMA.” ANY: Architecture New York 24 (January 1999): 44–47. “Story of Armour Institute: School Established from Inspiration Contained in Sermon of Dr. Gunsaulus.” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 7, 1901. “The Armour Institute.” Manufacturer and Builder: A Practical Journal of Industrial Progress 25, no. 10 (October 1, 1893): 237. “The Armour Institute.” The Interior 23, no. 1178 (December 22, 1892): 3. Vinci, John. “Mies’ IIT Commons Building and Rem Koolhaas.” Structurist 41–42 (January 2001): 104–208. Bauhaus campus architecture Mies Van Der Rohe schools Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Firms Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Armour & Co. Description An account of the resource Armour & Co., a meatpacking business, was established as Plankinton, Armour & Co. by John Plankinton (1820–1891) and Philip Danforth Armour (1832–1901) in 1863. Initially based in Milwaukee, the company saw tremendous growth during the American Civil War and went on to open branches in Chicago and Kansas City. Philip Armour relocated to Chicago in 1875 to manage the company’s office there, and Plankinton left the business in 1884. The Armour family assumed full responsibility for the company thereafter, with Jonathan Ogden Armour, Philip’s son, assuming leadership in 1901. Armour & Co. became one of the largest meatpacking businesses in the United States and, along with similar companies founded by George Hammond and Gustavus Swift, helped secure Chicago’s reputation as what poet Carl Sandberg called the “Hog Butcher for the World.” Packinghouses situated on the banks of the Chicago River and major railway expansions such as the development of the Union Stockyards in 1860 allowed for the easy importation of surplus livestock from midwestern farms into Chicago and the subsequent distribution of processed meats to consumers around the country. Twelve million cows and pigs passed through the Union Stockyards in 1890 alone. Historically, the production calendar of the meatpacking industry was dictated by the seasons, with meat processing and transportation occurring primarily in the cold, winter months to avoid spoilage. Technological advances in refrigeration enabled unprecedented year-round operations, and ice-chilled railcars allowed for the shipment of raw, dressed meats over long distances. Armour & Co. gained a competitive edge because it streamlined the meatpacking process, innovating steam hoists used to lift and move cow and pig carcasses and envisioning new purposes for meatpacking byproducts. The company worked with scientists to develop industrial and consumer goods from the non-comestible parts of the animals it processed. Bones and hides were either sold or used to make gelatin, leather goods, hair and paint brushes, candles and soaps, glue, fertilizer, glycerin, an inexpensive alternative to butter called oleomargarine, and ammonia. Armour envisioned the packing house of the future as a site that might eventually “include a tannery, a boot and show factory, a cloth mill and a mammoth tailor shop.” Efficiency was key to Armour & Co.’s success, as was its reliance on the underpaid, unregulated labor of immigrant communities in Chicago. Armour & Co. and other Chicago packing houses were the sites of significant labor organization at the turn of the century. Workers organized strikes in support of an eight-hour workday and wage increases, and the social reformer Jane Addams met with J. Ogden Armour in 1904 to advocate for the city’s packinghouse laborers. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906), which was based on interviews with laborers, representatives from Chicago’s settlement houses, and health inspectors, as well as his firsthand observations of slaughterhouses around the Union Stockyards, presented a damning view of the harsh working conditions and lack of sanitation standards in the industry. The book resulted in the passage of the Meat Inspection Act in 1906, which imposed new regulations and quality controls on meat packers. Armour & Co. accumulated great wealth as a result of the company’s business practices, and the Armour family supported many philanthropic causes in the city. Inspired by the sermons of Reverend Frank Wakely Gunsaulas, a minister at the Plymouth Congregational Church on the South Side, Philip D. Armour Sr. established the Armour Institute in 1886. The school offered vocational training for members of the working class with the goal of developing a skilled workforce that would propel industrial expansion. The school eventually merged with Lewis Institute, a trade school serving immigrant populations, to become the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in 1940. German architect Mies van der Rohe was recruited to head the architecture department of the Armour Institute two years before the merger of the two schools. Along with Ludwig Hilberseimer and Walter Peterhans, colleagues from the German Bauhaus, Mies introduced a modernist design curriculum with a focus on drawing, construction methods, and the careful study of materials. Mies conceived of a comprehensive master plan for the Armour Institute and designed many of the buildings on its campus located in the Bronzeville neighborhood. In 1949, the Institute of Design, the design school founded by László Moholy-Nagy, another Bauhaus émigré, merged with IIT. Beyond its industrial innovations, Armour & Co. helped lay the foundation for an important chapter in Chicago’s design history as a supporter of what would become one of the city’s most storied architecture and design schools. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Barrett, James R. Work and Community in the Jungle: Chicago’s Packinghouse Workers, 1894–1922. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987. Brody, David. The Butcher Workmen: A Study of Unionization. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1964. Halpern, Rick. Down on the Killing Floor: Black and White Workers in Chicago’s Packinghouses, 1904–54. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997. Hautzinger, Daniel. “When Chicago Was ‘Hog Butcher to the World.’” WTTW, June 21, 2018. https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2018/06/21/union-stock-yards. Hughes, Bob. “A Shelter for Artistic Young Ladies Makes Its Debut in 1912.” Chicago Tribune, March 2, 1986. Janega, James. “Meatpacking.” Chicago Tribune, August 8, 2014. https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/blue-sky/chi-meatpacking-top-chicago -innovations-bsi-series-story.html “Mob of 4,000 Men Charges Police: Most Serious Riot of the Packing House Strike Occurs Near West Stockyard Gates.” Chicago Daily Tribune, August 19, 1904. Pacyga, Dominic A. Slaughterhouse: Chicago’s Union Stock Yard and the World It Made. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. “Philip D. Armour, Jr., Dead: Younger Son of Chicago’s Millionaire Parker Stricken with Congestion of the Lungs in California.” New York Times, January 28, 1900. Potempa, Philip. “La Lumiere School Includes Armour Meats Connection.” Chicago Tribune, November 10, 2017. “Rejected Armour Meat: So Calvary on the March Had to Do Without It.” New York Times, July 24, 1906. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the Year 1863. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1863. Sandberg, Carl. “Chicago.” Poetry: A Magazine of Verse 3, no. 6 (March 1914): 191. Schulze, Franz. Illinois Institute of Technology: The Campus Guide. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005. Seigel, Jessica. “Meat-Packing Town’s Heyday Has Come and Gone, but Strong Flavor Remains.” Chicago Tribune, July 27, 1990. Skaggs, Jimmy M. Prime Cut: Livestock Raising and Meatpacking in the United States, 1607–1983. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1986. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. “Armour’s Food Source Map: The Greatness of the United States Is Founded on Agriculture.” American Geographical Society Library Digital Map Collection. https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/1967. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. “Nation’s Ever-Growing Food Problem Has Been Met by Packing Industry.” American Geographical Society Library Digital Map Collection. https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/1968. Wade, Louise C. Chicago’s Pride: The Stockyards, Packingtown, and Environs in the 19th Century. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987. Wade, Louise Carroll. “Meatpacking.” Encyclopedia of Chicago. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/804.html Washington, Jewell. “John Culloton, Chicago.” Chicago Tribune, April 14, 2012. Wisconsin Historical Society. “Armour, Philip Danforth 1832–1901.” Dictionary of Wisconsin History. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS1650. Wisconsin Historical Society. “Historical Essay: Plankinton, John (1820–1891).” https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS4410. Winship, A. E. “The Meat Industry.” The Journal of Education 48, no. 1 (1185) (June 30, 1898): 22–24. IIT immigrants labor history Meatpacking industry railroad refrigeration Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Firms Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource American Furniture Mart Description An account of the resource Built in 1924, the American Furniture Mart was a leader in home furnishings and innovative marketing in Chicago. Providing record square footage for the display of furniture manufactured by hundreds of factories from across the nation, the American Furniture Mart facilitated connections between producers, retailers, and consumers. By offering a space dedicated to the meeting of manufacturers, distributors, and clients, the American Furniture Mart bridged the gap between offer and demand that had arisen in an economy increasingly based on mass production. Designed by architects George C. Nimmons (1865–1947), Max Dunning (1873–1945), and Henry Raeder (d. 1943), the American Furniture Mart building reached a height of seventeen stories and was celebrated as the largest building in world at the time its completion. (Consisting of two parts, the east end of the building was constructed in 1924 and the west end in 1926.) Strategically built on a prestigious lakefront lot in downtown Chicago, the American Furniture Mart at 666 Lake Shore Drive offered two million square feet of modern exhibition spaces enclosed in a Gothic-inspired shell. The American Furniture Mart was created exclusively for members of home furnishings businesses and prohibited the public from admission. Its grandiose scale and lavish ornamentation not only expressed the prominence of Chicago in the furniture industry, but also the centrality of Chicago within a national network of design and manufacturing. The sumptuous interiors of the Furniture Club of America attracted leaders in the furniture industry, and its restaurant provided members with a convenient place to hold business meetings. The American Exposition Palace, also located at 666 Lake Shore Drive, hosted fairs and expositions organized for wholesale buyers. Chicago gradually experienced a downturn in its dominance in the furniture industry, in part due to internal competition, such as the completion of the Chicago Merchandise Mart in 1931. Furniture production also declined during World War II, when the United States government prioritized military needs and issued restrictions on the use of lumber by civilians. The activities of the American Furniture Mart ended in 1979. Since then, the building was converted into residential condominiums and offices. In 1988, it was renamed Lake Shore Place and issued a new address, 680 North Lake Shore Drive. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived “Am. Furniture Mart Obtains 333 Building: Control Gained by Stock Purchase.” Chicago Daily Tribune, December 23, 1954. “American Furniture Mart Reorganization Approved by Court.” Chicago Daily Tribune, July 19, 1935. “American Furniture Mart—‘World’s Largest Building.’” Chicago Daily Tribune, February 8, 1925. “Attendance Up in Chicago: More Buyers at Furniture Mart Than Year Ago—Buying Brisk Furniture Stores to Expand Buying.” New York Times, July 13, 1949. Chase, Al. “Furniture Mart Will Be World’s Largest Building.” Chicago Daily Tribune, May 3, 1923. Chase, Al. “Furniture Mart Site Is Changed to Shore Drive.” Chicago Daily Tribune, December 15, 1922. “Chicago Housefurnishing Exposition.” Crockery & Glass Journal 100, no. 24 (June 11, 1925): 19. “Chicago’s Furniture Mart, $10,000,000 Building, Bombed.” New York Times, December 9, 1930. Darling, Sharon. Chicago Furniture: Art, Craft & Industry 1833–1983. Chicago and New York: The Chicago Historical Society in association with W.W. Norton & Company, 1984. Diesenhouse, Susan. “New 15-Year Lease Keeps Playboy Based in Chicago.” Chicago Tribune, August 23, 2006. Dombrowski, Louis. “Chicago Industries: Wind City Dynamic Leader in Home Furnishing Field.” Chicago Daily Tribune, May 29, 1961. Douglas, Anne. “Furnishings Mart Yields Many an Interesting Item.” Chicago Tribune, June 24, 1972. Douglas, Anne. “Summer Furniture Plays Bigger Year ‘Round Role.” Chicago Daily Tribune, October 20, 1957. “Exhibitor’s List for Mart Given.” Furniture Manufacturer and Artisan 86, no. 2 (August 1, 1922): 62. “Files Furniture Plan: Chicago Mart Would Reorganize Under Bankruptcy Act.” New York Times, April 3, 1935. Fuller, Ernest. “Famous Chicago Buildings: MART.” Chicago Daily Tribune, February 28, 1959. “Furnishings Sales Set New All-Time Peak.” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 23, 1951. “Furniture Mart to Be Built: Building Project for Chicago Is Assured—Work to Begin June 15 and Building Completed in May 1923.” Furniture Manufacturer and Artisan 23, no. 5 (May 1, 1922): 175. “Furniture Mart to Observe 25th Birthday at July Show.” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 14, 1949. “Furniture Shows Open: Record Number of Buyers Attend at Chicago’s Marts.” New York Times, July 7, 1936. “Furniture Trade Flocks to Chicago: 43,000 Buyers and Sellers Expected at 2-Week Show Opening There Today.” New York Times, January 9, 1956. Gantz, Carroll. Founders of American Industrial Design. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2014. Goodenough, Louis. “Home Goods Market Opens to Cautious Buying: Buyers Continue Demand for Lower Prices, Better Quality and Design—Few Allocations Needed.” Women’s Wear Daily 78, no. 2 (January 4, 1949): 2. Heise, Kenan. “Irving Rosenberg, 89; Owned Furniture Firm.” Chicago Tribune, October 24, 1986. “Home Goods Market Off to Brisk Start: Thousands Crown Chicago Opening.” Women’s Wear Daily 92, no. 6 (January 10, 1956): 1. Ibata, David. “Mart Gets New Name, Address, Outlook.” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 3, 1988. “Illinois Ready to Tell World Why It Prospers.” Chicago Daily Tribune, September 23, 1924. Jentz, John B. “Furniture.” In Encyclopedia of Chicago, edited by James R. Grossman, Ann Durkin Keating, and Janice L. Reiff, 49. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. Johnson, Abbey. “Trends in Furniture Styles Analyzed by Top Designers.” Chicago Daily Tribune, June 26, 1960. Knoch, Joanne. “Furniture Industry Polishes Its Display.” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 3, 1963. Korom, Joseph J. The American Skyscraper, 1850–1940: A Celebration of Height. Boston: Branden Books, 2008. Lewis, Caroline. “The Home Furnishings Show: What Does It Mean to You Homemakers?” Chicago Tribune, June 9, 1963. Markoutsas, Elaine. “Playboy Goes for Classic Lines.” Crain’s Chicago Business 13, no. 14 (April 2, 1990): 20. McLennon, C.M. America’s Greatest Furniture Mart. Chicago: Wells Company, 1925. “New Plastic Chair Made to Fit Body.” Chicago Daily Tribune, September 19, 1948. “‘New World Kitchen’ Is Introduced by G.E.” New York Times, January 4, 1951. Pulos, Arthur J. The American Design Adventure, 1940–1975. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1990. “Registration for American Furniture Mart Breaks All Records.” Crockery & Glass Journal 103, no. 2 (July 15, 1926): 23. “Reports Rise in Furniture Growth Plan.” Chicago Daily Tribune, June 24, 1958. “Retail Furniture Reported on Rise: Home Goods Industry Survey Finds Refills Difficult for Some Merchants.” New York Times, September 14, 1949. “Retailers Shop as Home Goods Markets Open: Initial Activity Light at Chicago and Grand Rapids, with Optimism Shown on Future Business.” Women’s Wear Daily 82, no. 119 (June 19, 1951): 10. Scranton, Philip. Endless Novelty: Specialty Production and American Industrialization, 1865–1925. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. Scranton, Philip. “Multiple Industrializations: Urban Manufacturing Development in the American Mid-West, 1880–1925.” Journal of Design History 12, no.1 (1999): 45–63. Sherlock, Barbara. “Thomas J. Lyman, 83; Leasing Executive Filled Furniture Mart Showrooms.” Chicago Tribune, May 5, 2005. Smythe, J.H. “The Chicago Market: American Furniture Mart.” Crockery & Glass Journal 104, no. 26 (June 30, 1927): 18. “Stetson China Company Makes Marked Progress: Chicago Concern Has Grown from Small Business with Five Employees to Large Manufacturing Organization Employing Eighty-Five People—Recently Opened Showroom in American Furniture Mart.” Crockery & Glass Journal 104, no. 1 (January 6, 1927): 13. Taylor, Lynn. “Home Furniture Market Begins.” Chicago Tribune, June 15, 1969. “Vaughn Lee Alward: Retired President of American Furniture Mart Was 65.” New York Times, July 6, 1938. Weigle, Edith. “Furniture Show Defines Spring Styles: Manufacturers’ Exhibit at American Furniture Mart Will Give Advance News to Retail Buyers.” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 3, 1932. “William H. Wilson Dies in Virginia: Official American Furniture Mart Was on Business Trip Began Work at 16.” New York Times, April 19, 1935. home furnishings Lake Shore Drive Merchandise Mart